MxA for differentiating viral and bacterial infections in adults: a prospective, exploratory study.

Purpose: Inappropriate antibiotic prescription in patients with viral infections contributes to the surge of antibiotic resistance. Viral infections induce the expression of the antiviral protein MxA in monocytes, which is a promising biomarker to differentiate between viral and bacterial diseases. In this prospective, exploratory study, we aimed to determine the diagnostic value of monocyte MxA expression in adults with viral, bacterial or co-infections.

Repeated determination of moxifloxacin concentrations in interstitial space fluid of muscle and subcutis in septic patients.

Background: For an effective antimicrobial treatment, it is crucial that antibiotics reach sufficient concentrations in plasma and tissue. Currently no data exist regarding moxifloxacin plasma concentrations and exposure levels in tissue under septic conditions.

Objectives: To determine the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in plasma and interstitial space fluid over a prolonged period.