Inadequate reporting quality of registered genome editing trials: an observational study.

Background: To assess registration completeness and safety data of trials on human genome editing (HGE) reported in primary registries and published in journals, as HGE has safety and ethical problems, including the risk of undesirable and unpredictable outcomes. Registration transparency has not been evaluated for clinical trials using these novel and revolutionary techniques in human participants.

Methods: Observational study of trials involving engineered site-specific nucleases and long-term follow-up observations, identified from the WHO ICTRP HGE Registry in November 2020 and two comprehensive reviews published in the same year.

Development of the voicing contrast: a comparison of voice onset time in stop preception and production.

The acoustic cue voice onset time (VOT) was used to study development of the voicing contrast in 10 two-year-old children, 10 six-year-old children, and 20 adults. Thirty utterances of the words bees, peas, bear, pear, dime, time, goat, and coat were elicited from each subject, VOT measured, and individual production distributions for labial, apical, and velar stops plotted. Significant age-related differences were shown for mean VOT, mean lead time for voiced stops, range of the same words that were examined in the production portion of the investigation were obtained for these subjects from their judgments of synthetic speech stimuli.

Development of the voicing contrast: perception of stop consonants.

Perceptual development of the voicing contrast was investigated in two-year-old children, six-year-old children, and adults. Subjects were required to identify prevocalic stop consonants from synthetic speech stimuli--bees/peas, bear/pear, dime/time, and goat/coat. The stimuli differed with respect to the acoustic cue, voice onset time (VOT).