PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation in a rat model of migraine.

The present study aimed to investigate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway activation in a rat model of migraine. A total of 60 male Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: Blank control; suspension control; and migraine model. The model group was subcutaneously injected with a glyceryl trinitrate suspension, using an optimized Tassorelli method to establish a rat model of migraine.

Coffee and caffeine intake and risk of urinary incontinence: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background: Previous results from studies on the relationship between coffee/caffeine consumption and risk of urinary incontinence (UI) are inconclusive. We aim to assess this association using a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Methods: Pertinent studies were identified by searching electronic database (Embase, PubMed and Web of Science) and carefully reviewing the reference lists of pertinent articles until July 2015.