Bronchiolitis Severity Affects Blood Count and Inflammatory Marker Levels: A Real-Life Experience.

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in the first year of life. We analyzed the association between complete blood count (CBC), c-reactive protein (CRP), and novel inflammatory indexes (NLR, PLR, MLR, ELR, LMR, NPR, LPR, LNR, PNR, SII, SIRI) in predicting bronchiolitis severity at hospital admission.

Methods: We retrospectively collected data from 95 infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis in a third-level hospital during three epidemic seasons.

Endocrine disorders in Rett syndrome: a systematic review of the literature.

Background: Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked progressive neurodevelopmental disorder that involves mainly girls and is the second most frequent cause of genetic intellectual disability. RTT leads to neurological regression between 6 and 18 months of life and could be associated with a variable neurological impairment. However, RTT affects not only neurological function but also wide aspects of non-neurological organs.

Pathophysiology of Congenital High Production of IgE and Its Consequences: A Narrative Review Uncovering a Neglected Setting of Disorders.

Elevated serum IgE levels serve as a critical marker for uncovering hidden immunological disorders, particularly inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), which are often misdiagnosed as common allergic conditions. IgE, while typically associated with allergic diseases, plays a significant role in immune defense, especially against parasitic infections. However, extremely high levels of IgE can indicate more severe conditions, such as Hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) and disorders with similar features, including Omenn syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and IPEX syndrome.

The Prevention of Childhood Obesity Is a Priority: The Preliminary Results of the "EpPOI: Education to Prevent Childhood Obesity" Project.

Background: The increase in childhood obesity rates represents a serious public health problem. The project "EpPOI: Education to prevent childhood obesity" is aimed at a multidisciplinary approach to raise awareness of the importance of preventing childhood obesity through lifestyle education.

Methods: Two actions by experts were performed: an intervention with children in schools and a meeting for both parents and school staff.

Thyroid function in pediatric patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Purpose: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovitis, sometimes associated with fever, rash, pericarditis and uveitis. Limited data are available concerning autoimmune diseases associated with JIA in childhood.

The Aims Of Our Study Were: (a) evaluating the thyroid function in a group of Italian children affected by JIA; (b) identifying which Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases (ATDs) are related to JIA in this population.

The lockdown effects on a pediatric obese population in the COVID-19 era.

Background: The social consequences of COVID-19 pandemic are universally known. In particular, the pediatric population is dealing with a radical lifestyle change. For some risk categories, such as overweight or obese children, the impact of home confinement has been greater than for others.

Biologics in food allergy: up-to-date.

In recent years, the advent of immunotherapy has remarkably improved the management of IgE-mediated food allergy. However, some barriers still exist. Therefore, the effort of researchers aims to investigate new perspectives in the field of non-allergen specific therapy, also based on the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease.

Hurthle cell carcinoma in childhood: A retrospective analysis of five cases and review of pediatric literature.

Background: the available studies on Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) in pediatric age are scarce and based on isolated case reports. Aims of the present study were to review the available pediatric literature on HCC (2000-2019), to describe the cohort of children with this cancer histotype, and to estimate its relative prevalence in pediatric age.

Procedure: We retrospectively reconstructed an HCC course in five patients < 19 years who were identified in our departments during the period 2000-2019, and we reviewed the available pediatric studies on this differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) variant.

Scurvy may occur even in children with no underlying risk factors: a case report.

Background: Since ancient times, scurvy has been considered one of the most fearsome nutritional deficiency diseases. In modern developed countries, this condition has become very rare and is only occasionally encountered, especially in the pediatric population. Underlying medical conditions, such as neuropsychiatric disorders, anorexia nervosa, celiac disease, Crohn disease, hemodialysis, and severe allergies to food products may enhance the risk of developing scurvy.

Thyrotropin serum levels and coexistence with Hashimoto's thyroiditis as predictors of malignancy in children with thyroid nodules.

Thyroid cancer (TC) in childhood is a rare disease characterized by an excellent prognosis. Thyroid nodules in children, although less common than in adults, have a greater risk of malignancies, particularly in those cases associated with anamnestic, clinical and ultrasonographic risk factors.Among the factors, which have been found to be linked with an increased relative risk of TC in children, an important role seems to be possibly played by an underlying nodular Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and by the serum levels of TSH.

Phenotypic Expression of Autoimmunity in Children With Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), tend to aggregate with other non-thyroidal autoimmune diseases (NTADs). Aim of this Mini-review is to report the most recent insights concerning the clustering of NTADs in pediatric patients with either HT or GD, the pathophysiology of AITDs and the metamorphic thyroid autoimmunity. A systematic literature research of the last 15 years, according to EQUATOR statement, was carried out through MEDLINE via PubMed (http://www.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Children: When a Replacement Hormonal Treatment Might Be Advisable.

Aim of this mini review was to analyze the main variables which should be taken into account when the decision regarding a possible treatment with L-T4 has to be considered for a child with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). The indications of periodical monitoring and vigilance have been also discussed. It was inferred that therapy should be recommended for children with underlying Hashimoto's thyroiditis and progressive deterioration of thyroid status over time, particularly in the cases with goiter and hypothyroid symptoms and in those with associated Turner syndrome or Down's syndrome and/or other autoimmune diseases.

Hypoceruloplasminemia: an unusual biochemical finding in a girl with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and severe hypothyroidism.

Clinical picture of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) may significantly vary in pediatric age, ranging from euthyroidism to subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism; only rarely HT presentation may be characterized by a severe hypothyroidism also in pediatric age. Here we describe a 3-year-old Caucasian girl who was admitted to our Clinic due to pericardial effusion, muscle weakness and weight gain. At clinical examination, she presented with bradycardia, pale and round face, pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles and no pitting edema of the limbs.

Phenotypic testicular abnormalities and pubertal development in boys with McCune-Albright syndrome.

Aim of this survey is to review the few available literature data on pathophysiologic and clinical aspects of pubertal development in boys with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). On the basis of such analysis, we concluded that:1) peripheral precocious puberty (PPP) is significantly more infrequent in boys than in girls; 2) the most common testicular abnormality at MAS presentation is macroorchidism, that may be either monolateral or bilateral; 3) macroorchidism is not always associated with clinical and biochemical evidence of PPP; 4) testicular microlothiasis is distinctly more frequent in boys with MAS than in those without MAS; 5) the available therapeutic schedules have to be adopted already at MAS presentation only in the cases with PPP.

Epidemiological and clinical aspects of autoimmune thyroid diseases in children with Down's syndrome.

Aim of this commentary is to report the main peculiarities that have been found to characterize the phenotypic expression of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) in children with Down's syndrome (DS). According to recent reports, DS children are, per se, more exposed to the risk of both Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), irrespective of other concomitant risk factors, such as female gender and family antecedents for AITDs. In the context of extra-thyroidal autoimmune disorders, the ones that preferentially aggregate with AITDs in DS children are alopecia areata and vitiligo.

Subclinical hypothyroidism in children: is it always subclinical?

Aim of this commentary is to report current knowledges on the main clinical and metabolic abnormalities which might be observed in children with longstanding and untreated subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and to comment the most recent views about natural evolution of thyroid function in the cases with either idiopathic or Hashimoto's thyroiditis-related SH. On the basis of these preliminary remarks, the essential guidelines for an appropriate and tailored management of SH children are also proposed.

FTL c.-168G>C Mutation in Hereditary Hyperferritinemia Cataract Syndrome: A New Italian Family.

We describe a new Italian family with 7 members affected by hereditary hyperferritinemia cataract syndrome (HHCS), an uncommon autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations of the iron-responsive element (IRE) of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene determining its overexpression. The family diagnosis of HHCS took place after finding high ferritin levels in a 6-year-old girl. Seven members of the family had bilateral and symmetrical cataracts, normal iron, and hematological parameters except for high serum ferritin levels.

Thyroid function test evolution in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis is closely conditioned by the biochemical picture at diagnosis.

Unlabelled: ᅟ: Aim of this commentary is to summarize the salient literature views on the relationships between presentation and evolution patterns of thyroid function in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). According to the most recent reports, children with HT and subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) are more prone to the risk of developing severe thyroid dysfunctions over time, if compared to those presenting with euthyroidism. In contrast, children presenting with HT and either overt or subclinical hyperthyroidism are incline to exhibit a definitive resolution of the hyperthyroid phase within some months, although there is a wide variability between the different individuals.

Atypical phenotypic aspects of autoimmune thyroid disorders in young patients with Turner syndrome.

Unlabelled: Aim of this commentary is to analyze the current views about the phenotypic features of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) in Turner syndrome (TS) girls, in terms of epidemiology, clinical and biochemical presentation, long-term course and metamorphic autoimmunity evolution. In TS GD course is not atypical, whereas HT course is characterized by both a mild presenting picture and a severe long-term evolution of thyroid function tests. Furthermore, TS girls seem to have an increased risk of switching over time from HT to GD.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma presentation may be more aggressive in children and adolescents than in young adults.

Background: The available studies concerning the influence of age on the phenotypical expression of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) have hitherto compared DTC presentation either between pre-pubertal and pubertal children or between pediatric patients and aged adults; aim of this study was to ascertain for the first time whether presentation of DTC may significantly vary according to age, even within a peculiar study population covering only young patients aged less than 30 years.

Methods: The main clinical, biochemical and pathologic data at DTC diagnosis were retrospectively recorded in 2 selected cohorts including, respectively, 18 children and adolescents aged less than 18 years (Group A) or 45 young adults aged between 20 and 29.8 years (Group B).

Peculiarities of autoimmune polyglandular syndromes in children and adolescents.

Background: no reviews have specifically addressed , to now, whether autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APSs) may have a peculiar epidemiology and phenotypical expression in pediatric ageObjectives: to review the most recent literature data about the specific epidemiological and clinical peculiarities of APSs in childhood and adolescenceDesign: the main features of the different APSs in pediatric age were compared among them.

Conclusions: 1) Among the different APSs, the one that is most typical of pediatric age is APS-1; 2) APS-1 is not characterized only by the classical triad (chronic moniliasis-hyposurrenalism-hypoparathyroidism) and its clinical spectrum is enlarging over time; 3)APS-2 may have a different epidemiological and clinical expression according to two different nosological classifications.