Both evenness and dominant species identity have effects on litter decomposition.

Exploring how interactions between species evenness and dominant species identity affect litter decomposition processes is vital to understanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the context of global changes. We carried out a 127-day litter decomposition experiment under controlled conditions, with interactions of four species evenness types (high, medium, low and single species) and three dominant species identity (, , ). After collecting the remaining litter, we estimated how evenness and dominant species identity affected litter mass loss rate, carbon (C) loss rate, nitrogen (N) loss rate and remaining litter C/N directly or indirectly, and assessed relative mixture effects (RMEs) on litter mass loss.

Intraspecific trait variation and adaptability of : Insight from a common garden experiment with two soil moisture treatments.

Understanding patterns of intraspecific trait variation can help us understand plant adaptability to environmental changes. To explore the underlying adaptation mechanisms of zonal plant species, we selected seven populations of , a dominant species in the Inner Mongolia Steppe of China, and evaluated the effects of phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation, the effects of climate variables on population trait differentiation, and traits coordinated patterns under each soil moisture treatment. We selected seeds from seven populations of in the Inner Mongolia Steppe, China, and carried out a soil moisture (2) × population origin (7) common garden experiment at Tianjin City, China, and measured ten plant traits of .

On the bound of the Lyapunov exponents for the fractional differential systems.

In recent years, fractional(-order) differential equations have attracted increasing interests due to their applications in modeling anomalous diffusion, time dependent materials and processes with long range dependence, allometric scaling laws, and complex networks. Although an autonomous system cannot define a dynamical system in the sense of semigroup because of the memory property determined by the fractional derivative, we can still use the Lyapunov exponents to discuss its dynamical evolution. In this paper, we first define the Lyapunov exponents for fractional differential systems then estimate the bound of the corresponding Lyapunov exponents.