[Pathogenesis and pathological anatomy of chlamydial infections].

The review presents modern view on the global problem of chlamydial infections. Current nomenclature of chlamydiae was adduced. Epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of chlamydiosis received full coverage.

[Clinical, laboratory and morphological comparisons in cellular alteration under conditions of hypoxia].

Objective: To compare structural changes in tissues with clinical and laboratory parameters and immunohistochemical determination of proteins HIF1α, HIF2α, caspase-3 during cellular alteration under conditions of hypoxia in the liver and kidneys in an experiment on pigs.

Material And Methods: Laboratory parameters related to the state of gas exchange (decrease in partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen (PaO2), arterial blood saturation, lactate level, kidney function (creatinine, urea) and liver (ALT, AST, bilirubin) in 18 animals were analyzed in comparison with the results of a morphological study. Histological examination evaluated alterative and inflammatory tissue changes of varying severity, and also determined the expression of transcription factors HIF1α and HIF2α and a marker of apoptosis - caspase-3.

[Pathological profile of S.P. Botkin infectious hospital during the siege of Leningrad (1941-1944)].

The results of autopsies performed in the pathological department of the Infectious Diseases Hospital named after. S.P.

NO Addition during Gas Oxygenation Reduces Liver and Kidney Injury during Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

. To evaluate the effect of NO added to the sweep gas of the oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the liver and kidneys in pigs. .

[Analysis of fatal outcomes of meningococcal infection in adults].

Clinical characteristics and pathomorphological manifestations in 69 patients aged 18 to 86 years with a fatal outcome of the disease were examined in order to analyze the causes of severe course and high mortality of generalized forms meningococcal infection. It was found that the main clinical form was meningococcemia (90%), in the majority in combination with meningitis (52%). The fulminant course in 77% of patients with meningococcal sepsis manifested itself as a sudden onset, rapid development of typical symptoms.

SARS-CoV-2-Induced Pathology-Relevance to COVID-19 Pathophysiology.

In spite of intensive studies of different aspects of a new coronavirus infection, many issues still remain unclear. In a screening analysis of histopathology in l200 lethal cases, authors succeeded in performing a wide spectrum of immune histochemical reactions (CD2, CD 3, CD 4, CD 5, CD 7, CD 8, CD14, CD 20, CD 31, CD 34, CD 56, CD 57, CD 68, CD 163, collagen 1,3, spike protein SARS-CoV-2, caspase-3, MLCM; ACE2 receptor, occludin, and claudin-1 and -3) and electron microscopy. The results of the histological and IHC studies of deceased people with varying degrees of severity of coronavirus infection confirmed the ability of these pathogens to cause cytoproliferative changes, primarily in epithelial and endothelial cells.

Neutrophils Mediate Pulmonary Artery Thrombosis In Situ.

Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition, which can result in respiratory insufficiency and death. Blood clots occluding branches of the pulmonary artery (PA) are traditionally considered to originate from thrombi in deep veins (usually in legs). However, growing evidence suggests that occlusion of the vessels in the lungs can develop without preceding deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Code of practice for medical autopsies: a minimum standard position paper for pathology departments performing medical (hospital) autopsies in adults.

The medical autopsy (also called hospital or clinical autopsy) is a highly specialised medical procedure, which requires professional expertise and suitably equipped facilities. To ensure high standards of performance, the Working Group of Autopsy Pathology of the European Society of Pathology (ESP) suggests a code of practice as a minimum standard for centres performing medical autopsies. The proposed standards exclusively address autopsies in adults, and not forensic autopsies, perinatal/or paediatric examinations.

[Vsevolod Dmitrievich Zinserling. (On the occasion of the 130th anniversary of his birth)].

IVsevolod Dmitrievich Zinserling was born on September 20, 1891, in St. Petersburg. His father, Dmitri Petrovich Zinserling, a descendant of immigrants from the south of Germany or Switzerland, who received hereditary nobility, worked all his life as a teacher of mathematics and, as an inspector of the famous Gurevich Gymnasium, had the rank of actual state councilor.

Stillborn child with diffuse SARS-CoV-2 viral infection of multiple organs.

In May 2020, a pregnant woman in her 37th pregnancy week was diagnosed with COVID-19 in St. Petersburg in Russia. All treatments failed and the patient died after 11 days due to acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Lobar (croupous) pneumonia: old and new data.

Background And Aim: Pneumonia remains one of the most frequent death causes worldwide. Among the etiological factors S. pneumoniae-causing lobar pneumonia plays a leading role.

Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with COVID-19.

Metabolic diseases are associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and conversely, new-onset hyperglycemia and complications of preexisting diabetes have been observed in COVID-19 patients. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of pancreatic autopsy tissue from COVID-19 patients using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RNA scope and electron microscopy and detected SARS-CoV-2 viral infiltration of beta-cells in all patients. Using SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, we confirmed that isolated human islet cells are permissive to infection.

Inflammatory Cell Infiltration of Adrenals in COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was originated in November-December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread around the world causing severe health and socioeconomical damage to the entire civilization. The key feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is upper respiratory tract infection, which may be complicated by bilateral pneumonia. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a key host factor, required for virus entry into cells.

[Pathological anatomy of tuberculosis in the presence of human immunodeficiency virus infection].

Unlabelled: Tuberculosis occupies a leading position among secondary infections in the structure of mortality in HIV-positive patients. Moreover, the concurrence of these diseases frequently makes a morphological diagnosis most difficult due to the atypical course of tuberculosis (TB) in the presence of immunosuppression.

Aim: to assess the clinical and morphological characteristics of concurrent TB/HIV infection.

Pathology of A(H5N8) (Clade 2.3.4.4) Virus in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Mice.

The emergence of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in migratory birds raises serious concerns as these viruses have the potential to spread during fall migration. We report the identification of novel HPAIV A(H5N8) clade 2.3.

[Neurogenesis in the adult human brain: morphological aspects].

The high prevalence of diseases leading to brain injury disability makes it extremely relevant to study the various mechanisms of neurorehabilitation, among which neurogenesis has recently received a great attention. Over the past 20 years, there has been ample evidence for neurogenesis in the adult animal brain. Despite the fact that the prenatal development of the human brain has been thoroughly studied, the number of works on the process by which new neurons form in the adult human brain is not so large.

Enhanced Delivery of 4-Thioureidoiminomethylpyridinium Perchlorate in Tuberculosis Models with IgG Functionalized Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Particles.

The compound 4-thioureidoiminomethylpyridinium perchlorate (perchlozone) is a novel anti-tuberculosis drug that is active in multiple drug resistance cases, but the compound is hepatotoxic. To decrease the systemic load and to achieve targeting, we encapsulated the drug into poly(lactic acid)-based micro- (1100 nm) and nanoparticles (170 nm) that were modified with single-chain camel immunoglobulin G (IgG) for targeting. Both micro- and nanoparticles formed stable suspensions in saline solution at particle concentrations of 10⁻50 mg/mL.

[The informative value of various methods for identifying acid-fast bacilli in relation to the degree of tuberculosis process activity].

Unlabelled: Carbol fuchsin (Ziehl-Neelsen) staining is a major method used since the late nineteenth century to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the tissues. At the same time, the number of mycobacteria does not frequently show a clinical and morphological correspondence to the activity of the infectious process.

Objective: To reveal the morphological characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with long-lasting tuberculosis.

[Clinical and morphological correlations in occult hepatitis B].

Unlabelled: Occult hepatitis B (ОHB) characterized by the absence of blood HBsAg attracts the attention of specialists of different profiles; however, its clinical morphological aspects have not been practically studied.

Aim: to estimate the proportion of OHB in the structure of fatal outcomes in chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and to characterize its clinical course and structural changes on autopsy materials.

Material And Methods: A total of 455 autopsy cases of CVH were examined for its etiology in the S.

Noncanonical Adult Human Neurogenesis and Axonal Growth as Possible Structural Basis of Recovery From Traumatic Vegetative State.

Patient recovering from traumatic vegetative state has suddenly died from cardiac arrest. In-life improvement of consciousness appeared after reduction of generalized spasticity due to botulinum toxin administration. Neuropathologic examination revealed Musashi1+, Nestin+, PCNA+, and Ki67+ cells in the hippocampus, frontal, parietal and occipital cortex, caudate, thalamus, mammillary bodies, brainstem, cerebellum, and near the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

[Morphological diagnosis of tuberculosis under present-day conditions].

The paper presents general statistical data on morbidity and mortality rates of tuberculosis, which show positive trends in recent years, with exception of those of its concurrence with HIV infection. The tasks of the morphological diagnosis of tuberculosis are divided into 4 groups: 1) to refine approaches to detecting mycobacteria in tissues; 2) to optimize the postmortem diagnosis of tuberculosis; 3) to optimize the lifetime differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and to develop methods for predicting its course; 4) to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis from the standpoint of modern views on an infectious process. The data suggesting that the tissue forms of mycobacteria, the types of inflammatory responses, and the specific features of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis call for further investigations are given.

[Postmortem diagnosis of influenza during its epidemic and interepidemic periods].

Objective: to assess the potential role of influenza virus in fatal pneumonia during the epidemic and interepidemic periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS An immunohistochemical method was used to clinically and morphologically analyze 40 fatal outcomes of acute pneumonias in 2009-2013. Laboratory tests could not establish the diagnosis of influenza in 20 cases of the study group with clinical and/or morphological pattern of this illness.

Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.

Efficacy and tolerability of artichoke dry extract (drug/extract ratio 25-35:1, aquous extract, CY450) as coated tablets containing 450 mg extract (tradename: Valverde Artischocke bei Verdauungsbeschwerden) was investigated in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia and compared with placebo. 143 adult patients with initial total cholesterol of > 7.3 mmol/l (> 280 mg/dl) were included in a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, multi-center clinical trial.

Fatal respiratory tract diphtheria apparently caused by nontoxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

A major diphtheria epidemic affecting the whole population of St. Petersburg started in 1990. During the period of 1991 to 1995, 4600 patients with clinical respiratory tract diphtheria were treated in Botkin's Hospital.