Kynurenine pathway dysregulation as a mechanistic link between cognitive impairment and brain damage: Implications for multiple sclerosis.

Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), resulting from inflammation-related brain damage and brain network dysfunction. Inflammation also causes dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway which is the primary route of tryptophan catabolism. Kynurenine pathway dysregulation is characterised by a shift in concentrations of tryptophan catabolites, also referred to as kynurenines.

Sportizumab - Multimodal progressive exercise over 10 weeks decreases Th17 frequency and CD49d expression on CD8 T cells in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) represents a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by the predominance of circulating T cell subsets with proinflammatory characteristics and increased central nervous system (CNS)-homing potential. Substantial evidence confirms various beneficial effects of chronic exercise interventions in MS, but it is unknown how long-term multi-modal intense exercise affects MS-associated lymphocytes that are commonly targeted by medication in persons with relapsing remitting MS (pwRRMS).

Methods: A total of 45 participants with defined RRMS were randomized to either the exercise (n = 22) or passive waitlist-control group (n = 23).

Neutrophil but not lymphocyte response to matched interval and continuous running differs between protocols and sex.

When considering the acute effects of different modalities of endurance training on cellular immune components, the matching of duration and mean intensity and the consideration of sex-dependent differences have received less attention so far. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of interval running (IR) vs. continuous running (CR) on circulating immune cells and cellular immune inflammation markers.

Correlating the 3D Morphology of Polymer-Based Battery Electrodes with Effective Transport Properties.

Polymer-based batteries represent a promising candidate for next-generation batteries due to their high power densities, decent cyclability, and environmentally friendly synthesis. However, their performance essentially depends on the complex multiscale morphology of their electrodes, which can significantly affect the transport of ions and electrons within the electrode structure. In this paper, we present a comprehensive investigation of the complex relationship between the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of polymer-based battery electrodes and their effective transport properties.

Baseline Inflammation but not Exercise Modality Impacts Exercise-induced Kynurenine Pathway Modulation in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Secondary Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The kynurenine pathway (KP) is an important hub in neuroimmune crosstalk that is dysregulated in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and modulated by exercise in a modality-specific manner.

Objectives: To compare changes in the KP metabolite profile of pwMS (1) following combined treatments including either high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) during a 3-week multimodal rehabilitation, (2) to evaluate exercise response in relation to baseline systemic inflammation, and (3) to investigate associations of kynurenines with physical capacity and clinical outcomes.

Methods: For this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, serum concentrations of kynurenines at baseline and after 3 weeks were determined using targeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS).

Acute exercise boosts NAD metabolism of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) coenzymes are the central electron carriers in biological energy metabolism. Low NAD levels are proposed as a hallmark of ageing and several diseases, which has given rise to therapeutic strategies that aim to tackle these conditions by boosting NAD levels. As a lifestyle factor with preventive and therapeutic effects, exercise increases NAD levels across various tissues, but so far human trials are mostly focused on skeletal muscle.

Predictors of six-month change in health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: A secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Symptomatic treatment in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) requires multidisciplinary rehabilitation to alleviate disease progression and increasing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, the participant- and disease-specific factors that predict sustained improvement in HRQoL in pwMS undergoing inpatient rehabilitation remain unclear. Identifying these factors can help individually tailor inpatient rehabilitation programmes.

Supervised, structured and individualized exercise in metastatic breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

Physical exercise both during and after curative cancer treatment has been shown to reduce side effects. Evidence in the metastatic cancer setting is scarce, and interventions that improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL) are much needed for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The multinational randomized controlled PREFERABLE-EFFECT trial assessed the effects of exercise on fatigue and HRQOL in patients with MBC.

Machine learning predicts peak oxygen uptake and peak power output for customizing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using non-exercise features.

Purpose: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is considered the gold standard for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. To ensure consistent performance of each test, it is necessary to adapt the power increase of the test protocol to the physical characteristics of each individual. This study aimed to use machine learning models to determine individualized ramp protocols based on non-exercise features.

Acute exercise activates the AHR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an intensity-dependent manner.

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation generates several metabolites such as kynurenine (KYN) or kynurenic acid (KA) that serve as endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Due to its distinct biological roles particularly modulating the immune system, the AHR is a current therapeutic target across different inflammation-related diseases. Here, we show an acute exercise-induced increase in AHR ligand availability on a systemic level and a kynurenine pathway activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Kinetics of Immune Cell Mobilization during Acute Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Adults.

While pre-post differences in immune cell mobilization after acute aerobic exercise are well investigated, less is known about when and to what extent immune cells are mobilized during acute aerobic exercise. This experimental trial aimed to investigate the detailed kinetics of circulating immune cells in twelve healthy adults (n=6 females) who completed a 40-min aerobic exercise bout at 60% of the participants' V̇O2 on a bicycle ergometer. Cellular inflammation markers and sex-dependent differences in circulating immune cells were analyzed.

Molecular insights of exercise therapy in disease prevention and treatment.

Despite substantial evidence emphasizing the pleiotropic benefits of exercise for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Several exercise benefits have been attributed to signaling molecules that are released in response to exercise by different tissues such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose, and liver tissue. These signaling molecules, which are collectively termed exerkines, form a heterogenous group of bioactive substances, mediating inter-organ crosstalk as well as structural and functional tissue adaption.

Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training versus stretching do not change the psychoneuroendocrine response to a social stress test in emotionally impulsive humans.

Purpose: Research supports physical activity as a method to heighten stress resistance and resilience through positive metabolic alterations mostly affecting the neuroendocrine system. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a highly effective time-saving method to induce those changes. However, existing literature relies heavily on cross-sectional analyses, with few randomised controlled trials highlighting the necessity for more exercise interventions.

Experiences of fatigued persons with multiple sclerosis with multimodal agility-based exercise training and the ReFEx study protocol: a qualitative extension of a feasibility study.

Objectives: (1) To explore experiences of fatigued persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) with a new multimodal agility-based exercise training (MAT) framework and (2) to investigate the demands of the Rehabilitation, Fatigue, and Exercise (ReFEx) study protocol, which compares high-frequency MAT and 'traditional' strength and endurance training (SET) to identify possible adaptations for a powered randomised controlled trial (RCT).

Design: A qualitative interview study nested within a feasibility RCT, comparing MAT and SET.

Setting: Neurological inpatient rehabilitation centre in Germany.

HIIT Induces Stronger Shifts within the Peripheral T Cell Compartment Independent of Sex.

Acute exercise induces changes within the T-cell compartment, especially in cytotoxic CD8memory subsets, depending on exercise intensity and duration. It is unclear whether exercise-induced changes in major T-cell subsets differ in response to acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and whether sex-specific effects exist. Twenty-four recreationally active runners (females: n=12, 27.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O) across the adult lifespan in persons with multiple sclerosis and matched healthy controls.

Objectives: Cardiorespiratory fitness (measured as peak oxygen uptake; V̇O) is a well-established health predictor in the general population and in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). We aimed to investigate differences in V̇O between age groups and the prevalence of V̇O impairments across the adult lifespan in pwMS compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

[Prevalence and geographical distribution of bovine sexually transmitted diseases in the province of Formosa, Argentina].

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis (BGC) and bovine trichomonosis (BT) are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that affect bovine breeding herds, decreasing their reproductive efficiency. The objective of this work was to estimate the prevalence of these diseases and their temporal-spatial distribution in the province of Formosa, Argentina. The cross-sectional study conducted between 2018 and 2021 included a total of 15,571 bulls, inter-herd prevalence being 29.

Validation of the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in adolescents with major depressive disorder and comparison of cardiorespiratory fitness with sex- and age-related control values.

Endurance training has been shown to be effective in treating adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). To integrate endurance training into the therapeutic setting and the adolescents' daily lives, the current performance status of the adolescents should be accurately assessed. This study aims to examine adolescents with MDD concerning exhaustion criteria during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), as well as to compare the values obtained thereon with sex- and age-related control values.

Multimodal agility-based exercise training (MAT) versus strength and endurance training (SET) to improve multiple sclerosis-related fatigue and fatigability during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled pilot and feasibility study [ReFEx].

Background: Multimodal agility-based exercise training (MAT) is a group-based exercise training framework for persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) with a potential to impact fatigue and fatigability. In a mixed-methods design, this study evaluated the feasibility of implementing MAT in an inpatient rehabilitation setting and the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study protocol with 'traditional' strength and endurance training (SET) as an active control condition. Secondarily, preliminary outcome data was acquired.

On the impulsivity path: Examining the unique and conjoint relations between emotion- and non-emotion-related impulsivity, internalizing symptoms, alcohol use, and physical health parameters.

Background: Researchers have increasingly differentiated trait-like tendencies toward impulsivity occurring during emotional states (emotion-related impulsivity [ERI]) from impulsivity not tied to emotion (non-ERI). Relative to non-ERI, ERI has shown robust correlations with psychopathology and mild to moderate associations with physical health parameters (e.g.

The MoxFo initiative-Mechanisms of action: Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis exercise studies.

Background: As exercise exerts neurobiological and immunomodulatory effects, it might also act as a disease-modifying intervention in MS. However, a clear mechanistic link between exercise and disease-modifying effects in MS has yet to be established.

Objective: Establish recommendations for future mechanistic exercise studies in MS.

Impact of exercise on markers of B cell-related immunity: A systematic review.

Background: B cells represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity that ensures long-term protection from infection by generating pathogen-specific immunoglobulins. Exercise alters B cell counts and immunoglobulin levels, but evidence-based conclusions on potential benefits for adaptive immunity are lacking. This systematic review assessed current literatures on the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on B cells, immunoglobulins, and markers of secretory immunity in human biofluids.