Causal relationships between gut microbiota, gut metabolites, and diabetic neuropathy: A mendelian randomization study.

Background: Previous studies have shown a strong correlation between gut microbiota and diabetes and its associated complications. We aimed to evaluate the causal relationships between the gut microbiota, gut metabolites, and diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: Summary statistics of 211 gut microbiota and 12 gut-related metabolites (β-hydroxybutyric acid, betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, carnitine, choline, glutamate, kynurenine, phenylalanine, propionic acid, serotonin, tryptophan, and tyrosine) were obtained from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS).