Comparative Outcomes of Meropenem-Vaborbactam vs. Ceftazidime-Avibactam Among Adults Hospitalized with an Infectious Syndrome in the US, 2019-2021.

: Meropenem-vaborbactam (MEV) and ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) are active against "urgent threat" pathogens like carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). However, few studies have compared outcomes between them. : To explore comparative outcomes of MEV vs.

Stem traits promote wheat climate-resilience.

Introduction: Wheat grain filling processes under post-anthesis stress scenarios depend mainly on stem traits and remobilization of stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC).

Methods: A diverse panel of advanced semi-dwarf spring wheat lines, representing a natural variation in stem traits (WSC content, stem diameter, peduncle length, and stem wall width), was used to identify specific traits that reliably reflect the relationship between WSC and grain yield. The panel was phenotyped under various environmental conditions: well-watered, water-limited, and heat stress in Mexico, and terminal-drought in Israel.

Associations between Present-on-Admission Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders and Short-Term Outcomes in Patients with Pneumonia.

Objectives: Do-not-resuscitate DNR) orders are used to express patient preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This study examined whether early DNR orders are associated with differences in treatments and outcomes among patients hospitalized with pneumonia.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 768,015 adult patients hospitalized with pneumonia from 2010 to 2015 in 646 US hospitals.

Bloodstream Infection in the Intensive Care Unit: Evolving Epidemiology and Microbiology.

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) arising in the intensive care unit (ICUs) present a significant challenge and we completed a narrative review of the emerging literature on this issue. Multiple reports document that these infections are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Also, they can be caused by a variety of pathogens.

Examining the Burden of Potentially Avoidable Heart Failure Hospitalizations.

Background: Two-thirds of the 1 million annual US CHF hospitalizations are for diuresis only; some may be avoidable. We describe a population of low-severity short-stay (
Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study within the Premier Healthcare Database, 2016-2021.

Intravenous to Oral Antibiotic Switch Therapy Among Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of hospital admissions and antimicrobial use. Clinical practice guidelines recommend switching from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotics once patients are clinically stable.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults admitted with CAP and initially treated with IV antibiotics at 642 US hospitals from 2010 through 2015.

Descriptive Epidemiology and Outcomes of Patients with Short Stay Hospitalizations for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure in the US.

Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) hospitalizations cost the US $35 billion annually. Two-thirds of these admissions, generally requiring
Methods: Among patients discharged with CHF as the principal diagnosis (PD), we compared characteristics and outcomes between those with hospital length of stay (LOS) 3 days (long, LLOS) in a cross-sectional multicenter analysis within the 2018 National Inpatient Sample.

Descriptive epidemiology of hospitalized patients with bacterial nosocomial pneumonia who experience 30-day readmission in the US, 2014-2019.

Introduction: Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) remains associated with excess morbidity and mortality. The effect of NP on measures such as re-admission at 30 days remains unclear. Moreover, differing types of NP may have varying impacts on re-admissions.

The risk of inappropriate empiric treatment and its outcomes based on pathogens in non-ventilated (nvHABP), ventilated (vHABP) hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated (VABP) bacterial pneumonia in the US, 2012-2019.

Background: Inappropriate empiric antimicrobial treatment (IET) contributes to worsened outcomes. While IET's differential impact across types of nosocomial pneumonia (NP: non-ventilated [nvHABP], ventilated [vHABP] hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated [VABP] bacterial pneumonia) is established, its potential interaction with the bacterial etiology is less clear.

Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study in the Premier Healthcare Database using an administrative algorithm to identify NP.

Derivation and validation of a risk assessment model for drug-resistant pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Objective: To derive and validate a model for risk of resistance to first-line community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) therapy.

Design: We developed a logistic regression prediction model from a large multihospital discharge database and validated it versus the Drug Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) score in a holdout sample and another hospital system outside that database. Resistance to first-line CAP therapy (quinolone or third generation cephalosporin plus macrolide) was based on blood or respiratory cultures.

Association of fluoroquinolones or cephalosporin plus macrolide with infection (CDI) after treatment for community-acquired pneumonia.

Objective: infection (CDI) is the most common cause of gastroenteritis, and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common infection treated in hospitals. American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) CAP guidelines recommend empiric therapy with a respiratory fluoroquinolone or cephalosporin plus macrolide combination, but the CDI risk of these regimens is unknown. We examined the association between each antibiotic regimen and the development of hospital-onset CDI.

Inappropriate Empiric Therapy Impacts Complications and Hospital Resource Utilization Differentially Among Different Types of Bacterial Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Cohort Study, United States, 2014-2019.

Unlabelled: Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) remains a costly complication of hospitalization fraught with subsequent complications and augmented resource utilization. Consisting of ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (vHABP), nonventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia (nvHABP), and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP), each may respond differently to inappropriate empiric treatment (IET). We explored whether IET affects the three pneumonia types differently.

Descriptive epidemiology and outcomes of emergency department visits with complicated urinary tract infections in the United States, 2016-2018.

Objective: There are >1 million emergency department visits and 100,000 admissions with urinary tract infection (UTI) annually in the United States. A fraction of total UTI volume, complicated (cUTI) costs the health care system over $3.5 billion per year.

Microbiology, empiric therapy and its impact on the outcomes of nonventilated hospital-acquired, ventilated hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in the United States, 2014-2019.

Objective: To explore whether microbiology profiles and the impact of inappropriate empiric treatment differ in the setting of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia that requires subsequent mechanical ventilation (vHABP) versus one that does not (nvHABP) versus ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP).

Design: Multicenter retrospective cohort study within Premier Research database, 2014-2019.

Methods: We identified cases based on a previously published International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision/Tenth Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9/ICD-10-CM) algorithm, and we compared the 3 groups with respect to the bacterial pathogens isolated from their blood, sputum, or lower airway samples, and their respective rates of exposure to inappropriate empiric treatment.

Etiology, Treatments, and Outcomes of Patients With Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in a Large U.S. Sample.

Objectives: Compare the clinical practice and outcomes in severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) patients to those in non-sCAP patients using guideline-defined criteria for sCAP.

Design: Retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting: One hundred seventy-seven U.

Sepsis and Septic Shock: Evolving Evidence, Evolving Paradigms.

Sepsis and septic shock represent important infection-related medical emergencies that result in significant morbidity and mortality. The prevalence and microbiology of these processes are evolving. Nonetheless, timely and appropriate antibiotic therapy continues to represent the most important determinant of survival.

Influenza Testing and Treatment Among Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Background: Influenza is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and results of influenza tests can direct therapy. However, among adults hospitalized with CAP, little is known about the frequency and timing of influenza testing, treatment, and their associations with outcomes.

Research Question: In patients with CAP, is testing for influenza associated with antiviral treatment and shorter antibiotic courses, and is early treatment associated with better clinical outcomes?

Study Design And Methods: This study included adults admitted with pneumonia in 2010 to 2015 to 179 US hospitals contributing to the Premier database.

Descriptive Epidemiology and Outcomes of Hospitalizations With Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in the United States, 2018.

Background: Hospitalizations with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) in the United States have increased. Though most often studied as a subset of cUTI, catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) afflicts a different population of patients and carries outcomes distinct from non-CA cUTI (nCAcUTI). We examined the epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalizations in these groups.

Elucidating the pleiotropic effects of sesame KANADI1 locus on leaf and capsule development.

Autonomous seed dispersal is a critical trait for wild plants in natural ecosystems; however, for domesticated crop-plants it can lead to significant yield losses. While seed shattering was a major selection target during the initial domestication of many crops, this trait is still targeted in breeding programs, especially in 'orphan crops' such as sesame, whose capsules dehisce upon ripening. Here we used a mapping population derived from a cross between wild-type (dehiscent) × indehiscent lines to test the hypothesis that the selection against indehiscent alleles in sesame is a consequence of complex genetic interactions associated with yield reduction.

Descriptive Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nonventilated Hospital-Acquired, Ventilated Hospital-Acquired, and Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia in the United States, 2012-2019.

Objectives: Multiple randomized controlled trials exploring the outcomes of patients with ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia and hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia have noted that hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia patients who require subsequent ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia suffered higher mortality than either those who did not (nonventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia) or had ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. We examined the epidemiology and outcomes of all three conditions in a large U.S.

Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes from diarrheic dairy calves in Israel.

Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites with worldwide distribution, infecting a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic animals, as well as humans. Cryptosporidium parvum is the most important zoonotic species and is the primary cause of cryptosporidiosis in preweaned calves, a highly prevalent, economically important disease. Extensive subtyping of C.

Bacterial coinfection in influenza pneumonia: Rates, pathogens, and outcomes.

Background: Evidence from pandemics suggests that influenza is often associated with bacterial coinfection. Among patients hospitalized for influenza pneumonia, we report the rate of coinfection and distribution of pathogens, and we compare outcomes of patients with and without bacterial coinfection.

Methods: We included adults admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and tested for influenza from 2010 to 2015 at 179 US hospitals participating in the Premier database.

Multiple antimicrobial resistance and outcomes among hospitalized patients with complicated urinary tract infections in the US, 2013-2018: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) is common among hospitalized patients. Though carbapenems are an effective treatment in the face of rising resistance, overuse drives carbapenem resistance (CR). We hypothesized that resistance to routinely used antimicrobials is common, and, despite frequent use of carbapenems, associated with an increased risk of inappropriate empiric treatment (IET), which in turn worsens clinical outcomes.

Novelty and nuance in the intensive care unit: new options to combat multidrug resistant pneumonia.

Purpose Of Review: To describe the increasing burden of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens in severe pneumonia and to examine the clinical trials supporting a role for novel agents for the treatment of this infection.

Recent Findings: MDR Gram-negative bacteria cause an increasing proportion of severe pneumonias. Although the epidemiology of resistance varies across the globe, all regions have seen an evolution in resistance, especially among Enterobacterales spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter bumannii.