Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 Protects Against Myocardial Infarction by Improving Lymphatic Drainage Function and Triggering DECR1-Mediated Mitochondrial Bioenergetics.

Background: BMP9 (bone morphogenetic protein 9) is a member of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) family of cytokines with pleiotropic effects on glucose metabolism, fibrosis, and lymphatic development. However, the role of BMP9 in myocardial infarction (MI) remains elusive.

Methods: The expressional profiles of BMP9 in cardiac tissues and plasma samples of subjects with MI were determined by immunoassay or immunoblot.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance is associated with body shape in patients with type 2 diabetes complicating hypertension.

Objectives: Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, increases the prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a critical regulator playing a therapeutic role in diabetes and its complications. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between serum FGF21 levels and body shape parameters in patients with hypertension (HP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Dopamine D1 Receptor in the Nucleus Accumbens Modulates the Emergence from Propofol Anesthesia in Rat.

It has been reported that systemic activation of D1 receptors promotes emergence from isoflurane-induced unconsciousness, suggesting that the central dopaminergic system is involved in the process of recovering from general anesthesia. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) contains abundant GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing the D1 receptor (D1R), which plays a key role in sleep-wake behavior. However, the role of NAc D1 receptors in the process of emergence from general anesthesia has not been identified.

Involvement of Ventral Periaqueductal Gray Dopaminergic Neurons in Propofol Anesthesia.

Unlabelled: It has been reported that central dopaminergic system is implicated in the mechanism underlying general anesthesia. Whether dopamine (DA) neurons in midbrain ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) are involved in general anesthesia and how general anesthetics affect these neurons remain sparsely documented. To determine the role of vPAG DA neurons in propofol-induced anesthesia, we performed microinjection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into vPAG to damage DA neurons and investigated the alteration in somatosensory electroencephalogram (EEG), as well as the induction and recovery time of propofol anesthesia.