Mitochondrial endogenous substance transport-inspired nanomaterials for mitochondria-targeted gene delivery.

Mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) independent of nuclear gene is a set of double-stranded circular DNA that encodes 13 proteins, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 mitochondrial transfer RNAs, all of which play vital roles in functions as well as behaviors of mitochondria. Mutations in mtDNA result in various mitochondrial disorders without available cures. However, the manipulation of mtDNA via the mitochondria-targeted gene delivery faces formidable barriers, particularly owing to the mitochondrial double membrane.

AgSbF-catalyzed C3 -Friedel-Crafts alkylation of ,-acetals with indoles for the synthesis of indole substituted pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives.

An efficient approach to access chiral indole substituted pyrrolidine and piperidine skeletons has been developed through a AgSbF-catalyzed -Friedel-Crafts alkylation of ,-acetals 6a, 6b, 9, and 11a-11d with indoles. As a result, a series of 2,3- indole substituted pyrrolidines 8a-8x and piperidines 10a-10j were prepared in moderate to excellent yields and with excellent diastereoselectivities ( up to 99 : 1). Moreover, several 2,5- indole substituted pyrrolidine derivatives 12a-12k were synthesized according to this strategy with moderate to good yields and diastereoselectivities ( up to 99 : 1).

Cu(OTf)-catalyzed C3 aza-Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with ,-acetals.

An efficient approach to access functionalized indole derivatives has been developed through Cu(OTf)-catalyzed C3 aza-Friedel-Crafts alkylation of substituted indoles 5a-5m, -methyl-pyrrole with linear ,-acetals 4a-4l. As a result, a series of C3 amide aza-alkylated indole derivatives 6a-6ag and 7 were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields.

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of α-ketoamides using water and dioxygen as the oxygen source.

The reaction employing HO and O as the co-oxygen source in the catalytic synthesis of α-ketoamides is described. This copper-catalyzed reaction is carried out in a tandem manner constituted by the hydroamination of alkyne, hydration of vinyl-Cu complex and subsequent oxidation. Isotope labeling and radical capture experiments reveal that the oxygen atom of α-ketone at α-ketoamides derives from O and the oxygen atom of amide group originates from HO.