Mechanisms underlying the effects of cyanogenesis on development and reproduction of Tetranychus urticae: Insights from enzyme activity and gene expression aspects.

Cyanogenic plants can release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to defend against herbivory by hydrolyzing the cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) with its β-glucosidases (β-GLUs). Numerous studies have speculated this CNG-mediated toxicity by a plant-pest interaction manner. However, the specific toxic effect of HCN was not well-demonstrated because of the interference of other ingested metabolites.

A complete DNA repair system assembled by two endosymbionts restores heat tolerance of the insect host.

DNA repair systems are essential to maintain genome integrity and stability. Some obligate endosymbionts that experience long-term symbiosis with the insect hosts, however, have lost their key components for DNA repair. It is largely unexplored how the bacterial endosymbionts cope with the increased demand for mismatch repairs under heat stresses.

Seasonal drought drives sugarcane borer outbreaks.

Sugarcane borers (SCB) pose a major threat to sugarcane production. Effective pest management requires detailed knowledge of SCB phenology and population dynamics in responses to environmental changes. This study tested the hypothesis that drought drives SCB outbreaks and identified season-specific effects by investigating large-scale field data of these pests in 4 key sugarcane-growing provinces in south subtropical and tropical China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Hainan) from 1987 to 2018.

Cascading impacts of nitrogen deposition on soil microbiome and herbivore communities in desert steppes.

Human activities in the last century have intensified global nitrogen deposition, resulting in the degradation of ecosystem function and loss of biodiversity worldwide. Nitrogen addition is a crucial method for examining the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on species composition and structure of soil microbiome and biotic community, as exogenous nitrogen inputs can trigger cascading effects on ecosystem functions. In a 6-year experiment, we evaluated the impact of nitrogen addition on soil microbial-plant-insect systems in desert steppes.

Multi-omics analysis reveal the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda tolerate high temperature by mediating chitin-related genes.

Climate change facilitates the rapid invasion of agricultural pests, threatening global food security. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly polyphagous migratory pest tolerant to high temperatures, allowing its proliferation in harsh thermal environments. We aimed to demonstrate mechanisms of its high-temperature tolerance, particularly transcriptional and metabolic regulation, which are poorly understood.

Classification and identification of tea diseases based on improved YOLOv7 model of MobileNeXt.

To address the issues of low accuracy and slow response speed in tea disease classification and identification, an improved YOLOv7 lightweight model was proposed in this study. The lightweight MobileNeXt was used as the backbone network to reduce computational load and enhance efficiency. Additionally, a dual-layer routing attention mechanism was introduced to enhance the model's ability to capture crucial details and textures in disease images, thereby improving accuracy.

Performance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in responses to different amplitudes of alternating temperatures across permissive warm temperature regimes.

Climate change involves changes in the pattern of temperature fluctuations and the frequency and magnitude of thermal extremes. It is essential to investigate how insects respond to increased temperature variations, especially for species that usually experience diel temperature variations extending to thermal performance limits. To explicitly elucidate the effects of sizes of amplitudes of temperature variations, we used daily alternating temperatures with an equivalent mean of 28 °C to investigate the impact of different fluctuation amplitudes (± 0 °C,  ± 2 °C,  ± 4 °C, and  ± 6 °C) across permissive temperature regimes on the performance of Spodoptera lituraFabricius, a highly destructive polyphagous pest of crops and vegetables in tropical and temperate climates.

B cell receptor repertoire analysis in primary Sjogren's syndrome salivary glands identifies repertoire features associated with clinical activity.

Background: Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease featuring damage to salivary and lacrimal glands, with the possibility of manifestations across multiple organs. Antibody-producing B cells have long been appreciated to play a significant role in pSS pathogenesis, with a number of autoreactive antibody species having been identified to be elevated in pSS patients. While several studies have attempted to characterize the BCR repertoires of peripheral blood B cells in pSS patients, much remains unknown about the repertoire characteristics of gland-infiltrating B cells.

The nitrogen-dependent GABA pathway of tomato provides resistance to a globally invasive fruit fly.

Introduction: The primary metabolism of plants, which is mediated by nitrogen, is closely related to the defense response to insect herbivores.

Methods: An experimental system was established to examine how nitrogen mediated tomato resistance to an insect herbivore, the oriental fruit fly (). All tomatoes were randomly assigned to the suitable nitrogen (control, CK) treatment, nitrogen excess (NE) treatment and nitrogen deficiency (ND) treatment.

Impacts of climate change on climatically suitable regions of two invasive weeds in China.

Introduction: and are two ecologically destructive invasive plants from the Asteraceae family. Predicting the potential distribution pattern of two invasive alien weeds can provide a scientific basis for prevent the further spread of these two weeds in China under climate change.

Methods: Based on historical occurrence datasets and environmental variables, we optimized a MaxEnt model to predict the potential suitable habitats of and .

Chromosome-level genome assembly of an important wolfberry fruit fly (Neoceratitis asiatica Becker).

Tephritidae pests are significant agricultural pests with a notable impact on the economy, with a wide range of species and most having broad host ranges and strong reproductive abilities. However, the wolfberry fruit fly, Neoceratitis asiatica (Becker), is a Tephritidae fly which only harms wolfberry. Here, we assembled and annotated N.

Discovery of a new highly pathogenic toxin involved in insect sepsis.

As a current biocontrol resource, entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacterium can produce many toxin factors to trigger insect sepsis, having the potential to promote sustainable pest management. In this study, we found and were highly virulent against the insects. After infective juvenile injection, quickly turned black and softened with increasing esterase activity.

Population mixing mediates the intestinal flora composition and facilitates invasiveness in a globally invasive fruit fly.

Background: Changes in population heterozygosity and genetic diversity play important roles in mediating life history traits of organisms; these changes often lead to phenotypic evolution in offspring, which become superior to their parents. In the present study, we examined phenotypic differentiation, the intestinal microbiome composition, and metabolism shift in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) by comparing an inbred (monophyletic) original population and an outbred (mixed) invasive population.

Results: The results showed that the outbred population of B.

The Global Epidemic of Pests: Mixed-Species Invasions and Risk Assessment.

Throughout the past century, the global spread of pests has continued to pose a significant threat to the commercial fruit and vegetable industry, resulting in substantial costs associated with both control measures and quarantine restrictions. The increasing volume of transcontinental trade has contributed to an escalating rate of pest introductions to new regions. To address the worldwide threat posed by this group of pests, we first provide an overview of .

Graph Joint Representation Clustering via Penalized Graph Contrastive Learning.

Graph clustering based on graph contrastive learning (GCL) is one of the dominant paradigms in the current graph clustering research field. However, those GCL-based methods often yield false negative samples, which can distort the learned representations and limit clustering performance. In order to alleviate this issue, we propose the idea of maintaining mutual information (MI) between the representations and the inputs to mitigate the loss of semantic information of false negative samples.

Single-cell clonal tracing of glandular and circulating T cells identifies a population of CD9+ CD8+ T cells in primary Sjogren's syndrome.

Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex chronic autoimmune disease in which local tissue damage in exocrine glands is combined with broader systemic involvement across the body in tissues including the skin. These combined manifestations negatively impact patient health and quality of life. While studies have previously reported differences in immune cell composition in the peripheral blood of pSS patients relative to healthy control subjects, a detailed immune cell landscape of the damaged exocrine glands of these patients remains lacking.

Egg-Associated Germs Induce Salicylate Defenses but Not Render Plant Against a Global Invasive Fruit Fly Effectively.

Germs associated with insect eggs can profoundly mediate interactions between host plants and herbivores, with the potential to coordinate plant physiological reactions with cascading effects on insect fitness. An experimental system was established including the oriental fruit fly (OFF, ) and tomato to examine the functions of egg-associated germs in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. OFF feeding resulted in significantly increased tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, and salicylic acid in the host tomato.

Genomes of the cosmopolitan fruit pest Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) reveal its global invasion history and thermal adaptation.

Introduction: The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, with highly debated species delimitation, origin, and global spread routes.

Objectives: Our study intended to (i) resolve the taxonomic uncertainties between B. dorsalis and B.

Metabonomics reveals that entomopathogenic nematodes mediate tryptophan metabolites that kill host insects.

The entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) , which carries the symbiotic bacterium in its gut, is an important biocontrol agent. This EPN could produce a suite of complex metabolites and toxin proteins and lead to the death of host insects within 24-48 h. However, few studies have been performed on the key biomarkers released by EPNs to kill host insects.

Climate Change Increases the Expansion Risk of in China According to Potential Geographical Distribution Estimation.

, a well-documented and endemic pest throughout most of the Americas, affecting more than 100 species of host plants. It is a quarantine pest according to the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) and the catalog of quarantine pests for plants imported to the People's Republic of China. Based on 1781 global distribution records of and eight bioclimatic variables, the potential geographical distributions (PGDs) of were predicted by using a calibrated MaxEnt model.

Perceived effect of financial risk protection by the Urban-Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme: a mixed-methods study of rural residents in China.

Objectives: It is to explore the perceived financial risk protection effect of the Urban-Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme (URRBMI) and its influencing factors to provide evidence to further improve the URRBMI.

Design: It is a cross-sectional survey.

Participants: This mixed-methods study is conducted in five provinces in rural China.

Differential temperature responses between Plutella xylostella and its specialist endo-larval parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum-Implications for biological control.

Understanding the thermal dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions is crucial to predicting how biological control of pest insects by parasitoids might be affected by geographic location and climate change. We compared performance traits of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its solitary endo-larval parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), over a wide range of constant rearing temperatures (10-30°C). Parasitoids reared at 30°C experienced reductions in pupation rate, pupal mass, egg load, and adult life span when compared with those reared at lower temperatures.

Plant communities exhibit low resource partitioning for pollinator guilds under sub-tropical conditions of Pakistan.

Assessment of resource partitioning in pollinators at a particular place can be used to conserve plant communities by minimizing their inter-specific competition. Current study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of this phenomenon among plant communities under sub-tropical conditions for the first time in Pakistan. We considered the entire available flowering plant and floral visitor communities in the study area-Lal Suhanra forest of Bahawalpur, Pakistan- along with different variations among them based on morphology, color and symmetry (functional groups) i.

Influence of High-Temperature Oxidation and Test Conditions on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 2.5D SiC/SiC Composites.

The influence of microstructure evolution on the dynamic mechanical properties, including storage modulus and internal friction, of the 2.5D SiC/SiC composites after high-temperature treatment (800 °C and 1400 °C) in the air was investigated by three-point bending vibration test. The effects of test frequency and amplitude on storage modulus and internal friction were also evaluated.