Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool to Elucidate Active Species and Sites in Catalytic Reactions.

ConspectusA rational design of catalysts requires a knowledge of the active species and sites. Often, catalyst surfaces are dominated by spectators, which do not participate in the reaction, while the catalytically active species and sites are hidden. Modulation-excitation spectroscopy (MES) allows discrimination between active and spectator species by applying a concentration modulation, which is translated into the active (that is, actively responding) species by phase-sensitive detection (PSD).

Importance of Metal-Support Interactions for CO Hydrogenation: An Near-Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study on Gold-Loaded InO and CeO Catalysts.

Metal-support interactions, which are essential for the design of supported metal catalysts, used, e.g., for CO activation, are still only partially understood.

Production of Xe and Xe via neutron activation of Xe and Xe at ILL-RHF and NCBJ-MARIA high-flux reactors.

The long-lived xenon isomers Xe and Xe are of interest for the GAMMA-MRI project, which aims at developing a novel imaging modality based on magnetic resonance of polarized unstable tracers. Here, we present the steps leading to and following the production of these two isomers via neutron irradiation of highly-enriched Xe and Xe gas samples at two high-flux reactors, the High-Flux Reactor (Réacteur à haut flux, RHF) at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) and the MARIA reactor at the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ). We describe the experimental setups and procedures used to prepare the stable xenon samples, to open the irradiated samples, and to transfer xenon isomers into reusable transport vials.

Trends in physical activity in adolescents participating and not participating in organized team or individual physical activity.

Introduction And Objective: Participation of adolescents in organized physical activity (PA), together with physical education, is essential for the development of a habit of regular PA, achievement of PA recommendations and adoption of physical literacy. The aim of the study is to identify the trends and differences in PA levels between adolescents participating in organized team PA, organized individual PA, and those not participating in organized PA. Another aim is to formulate proposals to eliminate the negative effects of the pandemic on adolescents' participation in organized PA.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Perception of Inclusion in School Education and Physical Activity Among Polish Students.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted the lives of children and adolescents, leading to many changes in their routines, especially in education. Face-to-face physical education (PE) classes during COVID-19 were affected in organization, possibly conditioning students' participation, motivation, and learning. In the extreme conditions of the coronavirus, it may be assumed that daily physical activity became much less than before, partly because students are learning outside the school environment and PE lessons taught using remote forms do not fulfill their purpose.

The Comparison of InSb-Based Thin Films and Graphene on SiC for Magnetic Diagnostics under Extreme Conditions.

The ability to precisely measure magnetic fields under extreme operating conditions is becoming increasingly important as a result of the advent of modern diagnostics for future magnetic-confinement fusion devices. These conditions are recognized as strong neutron radiation and high temperatures (up to 350 °C). We report on the first experimental comparison of the impact of neutron radiation on graphene and indium antimonide thin films.

Elucidating CO Hydrogenation over In O Nanoparticles using Operando UV/Vis and Impedance Spectroscopies.

In O has emerged as a promising catalyst for CO activation, but a fundamental understanding of its mode of operation in CO hydrogenation is still missing, as the application of operando vibrational spectroscopy is challenging due to absorption effects. In this mechanistic study, we systematically address the redox processes related to the reverse water-gas shift reaction (rWGSR) over In O nanoparticles, both at the surface and in the bulk. Based on temperature-dependent operando UV/Vis spectra and a novel operando impedance approach for thermal powder catalysts, we propose oxidation by CO as the rate-determining step for the rWGSR.

Toward an Atomic-Level Understanding of Ceria-Based Catalysts: When Experiment and Theory Go Hand in Hand.

ConspectusBecause ceria (CeO) is a key ingredient in the formulation of many catalysts, its catalytic roles have received a great amount of attention from experiment and theory. Its primary function is to enhance the oxidation activity of catalysts, which is largely governed by the low activation barrier for creating lattice O vacancies. Such an important characteristic of ceria has been exploited in CO oxidation, methane partial oxidation, volatile organic compound oxidation, and the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction and in the context of automotive applications.

Reduction Behavior of Cubic InO Nanoparticles by Combined Multiple Spectroscopy and DFT.

Indium oxide (InO) has emerged as a highly active catalyst for methanol synthesis by CO hydrogenation. In this work we elucidate the reduction behavior and oxygen dynamics of cubic InO nanoparticles by Raman and UV-vis spectra in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We demonstrate that application of UV and visible Raman spectroscopy enables, first, a complete description of the InO vibrational structure fully consistent with theory and, second, the first theoretical identification of the nature of defect-related bands in reduced InO.

Elevation of fast but not slow troponin I in the circulation of patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Introduction: One of the hallmarks of injured skeletal muscle is the appearance of elevated skeletal muscle proteins in circulation. Human skeletal muscle generally consists of a mosaic of slow (type I) and fast (type IIa, IIx/d) fibers, defined by their myosin isoform expression. Recently, measurement of circulating fiber-type specific isoforms of troponin I has been used as a biomarker to suggest that muscle injury in healthy volunteers (HV) results in the appearance of muscle proteins from fast but not slow fibers.

Insight into the mechanism of the water-gas shift reaction over Au/CeO catalysts using combined operando spectroscopies.

The mechanism of the low-temperature water-gas shift (LT-WGS) reaction over Au/CeO catalysts with different ceria terminations, i.e., (111), (110), and (100) facets, was investigated.

The Association between Participation in Organized Physical Activity and the Structure of Weekly Physical Activity in Polish Adolescents.

The main aim of the study was to determine the associations of participation in organized physical activity (OPA), and the structure of weekly physical activity (PA) with meeting the PA recommendations among Polish boys and girls. The research was conducted between 2012 and 2019 in the Silesian region of Poland among 3499 secondary school students. To determine the structure of PA (school, transportation, home, recreation, vigorous moderate, and walking), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form (IPAQ-LF) questionnaire was used.

Elucidating the Oxygen Storage-Release Dynamics in Ceria Nanorods by Combined Multi-Wavelength Raman Spectroscopy and DFT.

The oxygen storage-release dynamics in ceria nanorods is elucidated by using a combination of in situ multi-wavelength Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Ceria nanorods exposing CeO(100) and CeO(110) facets are shown to be characterized by highly facet-dependent properties regarding molecular oxygen activation and decomposition as well as lattice oxygen dynamics. Temperature-dependent Raman results show that oxygen is stored in the form of peroxide species on the (100) facets, which are then released as gaseous oxygen, whereas lattice oxygen is involved with the (110) facets.

Exposure to cuticular bacteria can alter host behavior in a funnel-weaving spider.

Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates. Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes, which can have strong consequences for host development, physiology, and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes, while the benign microbes, of which the majority of bacteria could be described, are often ignored.

Erratum: Exposure to cuticular bacteria can alter host behavior in a funnel-weaving spider.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox064.]

The primary case is not enough: Variation among individuals, groups and social networks modify bacterial transmission dynamics.

The traits of the primary case of an infectious disease outbreak, and the circumstances for their aetiology, potentially influence the trajectory of transmission dynamics. However, these dynamics likely also depend on the traits of the individuals with whom the primary case interacts. We used the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola to test how the traits of the primary case, group phenotypic composition and group size interact to facilitate the transmission of a GFP-labelled cuticular bacterium.

Individual differences in boldness influence patterns of social interactions and the transmission of cuticular bacteria among group-mates.

Despite the importance of host attributes for the likelihood of associated microbial transmission, individual variation is seldom considered in studies of wildlife disease. Here, we test the influence of host phenotypes on social network structure and the likelihood of cuticular bacterial transmission from exposed individuals to susceptible group-mates using female social spiders (Stegodyphus dumicola). Based on the interactions of resting individuals of known behavioural types, we assessed whether individuals assorted according to their behavioural traits.

Trauma system evaluation in developing countries: applicability of American College of Surgeons/Committee on Trauma (ACS/COT) basic criteria.

Background: Trauma continues to be a major health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing world, with high mortality and morbidity. Yet most developing countries lack an organized trauma system. Furthermore, developing countries do not have in place any accreditation process for trauma centers; thus, no accepted standard assessment tools exist to evaluate their trauma services.

Telephotography in trauma: a 2-year clinical experience.

Introduction: Smartphones can be used to record and transmit high-quality clinical photographs. The aim of this study was to describe our experience with smartphone telephotography in the care of trauma patients. We hypothesized that smartphone telephotography can be safely and effectively implemented on a trauma service.

Medical rules of engagement negative patients: the dilemma of forward surgical teams in counterinsurgency operations.

By definition, Forward Surgical Teams (FSTs) are located far forward in the battlespace to allow for emergent treatment of life and limb threatening trauma sustained by United States and coalition forces as well as those injured according to the medical rules of engagement (MROE). While official doctrine dictates that MROE negative patients are not entitled to care by American military medical assets, experience has shown that some FSTs do not always adhere to that doctrine during counterinsurgency (COIN) operations. Medical civic action programs (MEDCAPS) have been used in modern COIN conflicts in an attempt to gain favor with and influence the host nations? local population.

The Drosophila carbonyl reductase sniffer is an efficient 4-oxonon-2-enal (4ONE) reductase.

Studies with the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that the enzyme sniffer prevented oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration. Mutant flies overexpressing sniffer had significantly extended life spans in a 99.5% oxygen atmosphere compared to wild-type flies.

Damage control laparotomy: a vital tool once overused.

Background: Trauma surgery is in constant evolution as is the use of damage control laparotomy (DCL). The purpose of this study was to report the change in usage of DCL over time and its effect on outcome.

Methods: Trauma patients requiring laparotomies during a 3-year (2006-2008) period were reviewed.