Relationship between exosomes and cancer: formation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Exosomes are a member of extracellular vesicles. However, their biological characteristics differ from those of other vesicles, and recently, their powerful functions as information molecules, biomarkers, and carriers have been demonstrated. Malignancies are the leading cause of high morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Overview of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in metabolic diseases.

GDF15 is a stress response cytokine and a distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, its levels increase in response to cell stress and certain diseases in the serum. To exert its effects, GDF15 binds to glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL), which was firstly identified in 2017 and highly expressed in the brain stem. Many studies have demonstrated that elevated serum GDF15 is associated with anorexia and weight loss.

The effect of simulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound on students' learning outcomes and satisfaction in echocardiography education: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background: Effective teaching methods are needed to improve students' abilities in hand-eye coordination and understanding of cardiac anatomy in echocardiography education. Simulation devices have emerged as innovative teaching tools and exhibited distinctive advantages due to their ability to provide vivid and visual learning experiences. This study aimed to investigate the effect of simulation of sectional human anatomy using ultrasound on students' learning outcomes and satisfaction in echocardiography education.

Correlation between synthetic MRI relaxometry and apparent diffusion coefficient in breast cancer subtypes with different neoadjuvant therapy response.

Background: To evaluate the correlation between synthetic MRI (syMRI) relaxometry and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps in different breast cancer subtypes and treatment response subgroups.

Methods: Two hundred sixty-three neoadjuvant therapy (NAT)-treated breast cancer patients with baseline MRI were enrolled. Tumor annotations were obtained by drawing regions of interest (ROIs) along the lesion on T1/T2/PD and ADC maps respectively.