Selection of sites for field trials of genetically engineered mosquitoes with gene drive.

Novel malaria control strategies using genetically engineered mosquitoes (GEMs) are on the horizon. Population modification is one approach wherein mosquitoes are engineered with genes rendering them refractory to the malaria parasite, , coupled with a low-threshold, Cas9-based gene drive. When released into a wild vector population, GEMs preferentially transmit these parasite-blocking genes to their offspring, ultimately modifying a vector population into a nonvector one.

Evaluation of Precipitation Vertical Profiles Estimated by GPM-Era Satellite-Based Passive Microwave Retrievals.

Precipitation estimation based on passive microwave (MW) observations from low-Earth-orbiting satellites is one of the essential variables for understanding the global climate. However, almost all validation studies for such precipitation estimation have focused only on the surface precipitation rate. This study investigates the vertical precipitation profiles estimated by two passive MW-based retrieval algorithms, i.

Three-column classification and Schatzker classification: a three- and two-dimensional computed tomography characterisation and analysis of tibial plateau fractures.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate inter-observer reliability and intra-observer reproducibility between the three-column classification and Schatzker classification systems using 2D and 3D CT models.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-two consecutive patients with tibial plateau fractures were evaluated by five orthopaedic surgeons. All patients were classified into Schatzker and three-column classification systems using x-rays and 2D and 3D CT images.

Interaction analyses of human monocytes co-cultured with different forms of Aspergillus fumigatus.

Monocytes play a major role in the cellular defence against Aspergillus fumigatus in immunocompromised patients. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this interaction, phagocytosis and gene expression profiling of human monocytes was carried out after incubation with A. fumigatus resting, swollen and germinating conidia and hyphae (for 3, 6 and 9 h).

Aspergillus fumigatus antigens activate innate immune cells via toll-like receptors 2 and 4.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a leading cause of mortality in haematological patients. Appropriate activation of the innate immune system is crucial for the successful clearance of IA. Therefore, we studied the Aspergillus fumigatus-mediated activation of human granulocytes and monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (DCs), as well as murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from wild type, toll-like receptor (TLR)4-deficient, TLR2 knockout, and TLR2/TLR4 double deficient mice.