Evolution of Two-Dimensional Perovskite Films Under Atmospheric Exposure and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Performance.

Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) have garnered significant attention due to their enhanced stability compared with their three-dimensional counterparts. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2D perovskite solar cells (2D-PSCs) remains lower than that of 3D-PSCs. Understanding the microstructural evolution of 2D perovskite films during fabrication is essential for improving their performance.

Efficient strabismus diagnosis from small samples: Harnessing spatial features for improved accuracy.

Strabismus is a common ophthalmological condition, and early diagnosis is crucial to preventing visual impairment and loss of stereopsis. However, traditional methods for diagnosing strabismus often rely on specialized ophthalmic equipment and trained personnel, limiting the widespread accessibility of strabismus diagnosis. Computer-aided strabismus diagnosis is an effective and widely used technology that assists clinicians in making clinical diagnoses and improving efficiency.

Performance of large language models in the National Dental Licensing Examination in China: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT, GPT-4, and New Bing.

Aim: The objective of the present study was to investigate the clinical understanding and reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs); namely, ChatGPT, GPT-4, and New Bing, by evaluating their performance in the NDLE (National Dental Licensing Examination) in China.

Materials And Methods: Questions from the NDLE from 2020 to 2022 were selected based on subject weightings. Standardized prompts were utilized to regulate the output of LLMs for acquiring more precise answers.

High-Sensitivity and Fast-Response Photomultiplication Type Photodetectors Based on Quasi-2D Perovskite Films for Weak-Light Detection.

Photovoltaic photodiodes often face challenges in effectively harvesting electrical signals, especially when detecting faint light. In contrast, photomultiplication type photodetectors (PM-PDs) are renowned for their exceptional sensitivity to weak signals. Here, an advanced PM-PD is introduced based on quasi 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (Q-2D RP) perovskites, optimized for weak light detection at minimal operating voltages.

Self-Assembled Monolayer Suppresses Interfacial Reaction between NiO and Perovskite for Efficient and Stable Inverted Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells.

Inorganic NiO has attracted tremendous attention in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in recent years but is relatively less used in all-inorganic PSCs. In this study, we have discovered and confirmed the detrimental interfacial reaction between NiO and DMAI-containing CsPbI inorganic perovskites. Thus, a self-assembled monolayer, Br-2PACz, is employed to modify the NiO surface to obstruct the adverse interfacial reaction and further improve the device performance.

Computational optical sectioning via near-field multi-slice ptychography.

We introduce a method for the computational sectioning of optically thick samples based on a combination of near-field and multi-slice ptychography. The method enables a large field-of-view 3D phase imaging of samples that is an order of magnitude thicker than the depth of field of bright-field microscopy. An axial resolution for these thick samples is maintained in the presence of multiple scattering, revealing a complex structure beyond the depth of the field limit.

Unveiling Local Current Behavior and Manipulating Grain Homogenization of Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells.

Achieving high power conversion efficiency in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) heavily relies on fabricating homogeneous perovskite films. However, understanding microscopic-scale properties such as current generation and open-circuit voltage within perovskite crystals has been challenging due to difficulties in quantifying intragrain behavior. In this study, the local current intensity within state-of-the-art perovskite films mapped by conductive atomic force microscopy reveals a distinct heterogeneity, which exhibits a strong anticorrelation to the external biases.

Controlled Nucleation and Oriented Crystallization of Methylammonium-Free Perovskites via In Situ Generated 2D Perovskite Phases.

Enhancing stability while maintaining high efficiency is among the primary challenges in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a crystal growth technique assisted by in situ generated 2D perovskite phases has been developed to construct high-quality 2D/3D perovskite films. The in situ generated 2D perovskite serve as templates for regulating the nucleation and oriented crystal growth in the α-FAPbI-rich film.

Accuracy of implant height and width measurement with triaxial rotation method based on cone-beam CT.

Objective: To investigate the accuracy of implant height and width measurement in the mandibular and maxillary first molar region based on cone-beam CT (CBCT) data, and to establish an accurate method for bone measurement in the implant region.

Materials And Methods: CBCT images of 122 patients with implant in mandibular or maxillary first molar region were retrospectively collected. Two methods were used to measure sagittal height (SH), coronal height (CH), sagittal width (SW), and coronal width (CW) of implants.

The exploration of a compound cone-beam CT contrast agent for diagnosis of human extracted cracked tooth.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the use of sodium iodide (NaI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate as cone-beam CT (CBCT) contrast agents for diagnosing cracked teeth. The optimal delay time for detecting the number of crack lines beyond the dentino-enamel junction (Nd), the number of cracks extending from the occlusal surface to the pulp cavity (Np), and the depth of the crack lines was explored.

Methods: 14 human extracted cracked teeth were collected, 12 were used for enhanced scanning, and 2 were used for exploring the characteristic of crack lines.

Dipole Moments Regulation of Biphosphonic Acid Molecules for Self-assembled Monolayers Boosts the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells Exceeding 19.7.

PSS has been widely used as a hole extraction layer (HEL) in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, their acidic nature can potentially corrode the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode over time, leading to adverse effects on the longevity of the OSCs. Herein, we have developed a class of biphosphonic acid molecules with tunable dipole moments for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), namely, 3-BPIC(i), 3-BPIC, and 3-BPIC-F, which exhibit an increasing dipole moment in sequence.

Elastic parameter identification of three-dimensional soft tissue based on deep neural network.

In the field of virtual surgery and deformation simulation, the identification of elastic parameters of human soft tissues is a critical technology that directly affects the accuracy of deformation simulation. Current research on soft tissue deformation simulation predominantly assumes that the elasticity of tissues is fixed and already known, leading to the difficulty in populating with the elasticity measured or identified from specific tissues of real patients. Existing elasticity modeling efforts struggle to be implemented on irregularly structured soft tissues, failing to adapt to clinical surgical practices.

[Ligusticum cycloprolactam inhibits IL-1β-induced apoptosis and inflammation of rat chondrocytes via HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway].

Chondrocytes are unique resident cells in the articular cartilage, and the pathological changes of them can lead to the occurrence of osteoarthritis(OA). Ligusticum cycloprolactam(LIGc) are derivatives of Z-ligustilide(LIG), a pharmacodynamic marker of Angelica sinensis, which has various biological functions such as anti-inflammation and inhibition of cell apoptosis. However, its protective effect on chondrocytes in the case of OA and the underlying mechanism remain unclear.

Dimensional Regulation from 1D/3D to 2D/3D of Perovskite Interfaces for Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Constructing low-dimensional/three-dimensional (LD/3D) perovskite solar cells can improve efficiency and stability. However, the design and selection of LD perovskite capping materials are incredibly scarce for inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because LD perovskite capping layers often favor hole extraction and impede electron extraction. Here, we develop a facile and effective strategy to modify the perovskite surface by passivating the surface defects and modulating surface electrical properties by incorporating morpholine hydriodide (MORI) and thiomorpholine hydriodide (SMORI) on the perovskite surface.

Multifunctional dual-interface layer enables efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells.

Considering that the hydrophobicity of PTAA as the surface of an inverted perovskite solar cell (PSC) substrate directly influences the crystallization and top surface properties of perovskite films, dual-interface engineering is a significant strategy to obtain excellent PSCs. PFN-Br was inserted into the PTAA/perovskite interface to ensure close interfacial contact and achieve exceptional crystallization, and then the perovskite top surface was covered with 3-PyAI to further improve its interface property. The mechanism of interaction of PFN-Br and 3-PyAI with perovskites was analyzed through various characterization methods.

Exploring the potential of ChatGPT as an adjunct for generating diagnosis based on chief complaint and cone beam CT radiologic findings.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the performance of OpenAI's ChatGPT in generating diagnosis based on chief complaint and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiologic findings.

Materials And Methods: 102 CBCT reports (48 with dental diseases (DD) and 54 with neoplastic/cystic diseases (N/CD)) were collected. ChatGPT was provided with chief complaint and CBCT radiologic findings.

Inflammatory cytokines and their potential role in Sjogren's syndrome risk: insights from a mendelian randomization study.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the causal impact of inflammatory cytokines on Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) and to identify potential biomarkers for SS clinical management using Mendelian Randomization (MR).

Materials And Methods: Leveraging GWAS summary data of inflammatory cytokines and SS, we executed the first two-sample MR analysis. Genetic variants from prior GWASs associated with circulating inflammatory cytokines served as instrumental variables (IVs).

Modulating the Dipole Moment of Secondary Ammonium Spacers for Efficient 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite Solar Cells.

Layered two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are emerging as promising optoelectronic materials owing to their excellent environmental stability. Regulating the dipole moment of organic spacers has the potential to reduce the exciton binding energy (E ) of 2D perovskites and improve their photovoltaic performance. Here, we developed two azetidine-based secondary ammonium spacers with different electron-withdrawing groups, namely 3-hydroxyazatidine (3-OHAz) and 3,3-difluoroazetidine (3,3-DFAz) spacers, for 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskites.

Orbital Interactions in 2D Dion-Jacobson Perovskites Using Oligothiophene-Based Semiconductor Spacers Enable Efficient Solar Cells.

2D Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskites have emerged as promising photovoltaic materials, but the insulating organic spacer has hindered the efficient charge transport. Herein, we successfully synthesized a terthiophene-based semiconductor spacer, namely, 3ThDMA, for 2D DJ perovskite. An interesting finding is that the energy levels of 3ThDMA extensively overlap with the inorganic components and directly contribute to the band formation of (3ThDMA)PbI, leading to enhanced charge transport across the organic spacer layers, whereas no such orbital interactions were found in (UDA)PbI, a DJ perovskite based on 1,11-undecanediaminum (UDA).

Nucleation and Crystallization in 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites using Formamidinium-based Organic Semiconductor Spacers for Efficient Solar Cells.

The conjugated organic semiconductor spacers have drawn wide attention in two-dimensional (2D) perovskites and formamidinium (FA) has been widely used as A-site cation in high-performance 3D perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the FA-based semiconductor spacers have rarely been investigated in 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskites. Here, we developed two FA-based spacers containing thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) and 2,2'-bithiophene (BT) units, namely TTFA and BTFA, respectively, for 2D RP PSCs.

Three-dimensional nasal asymmetry analysis between adolescence and adulthood in postoperative patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using computed tomography.

Aim: To investigate the differences of the nasal soft and hard tissue asymmetry in postoperative patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) between adolescence and adulthood, and to explore the correlation of nasal soft and hard tissue asymmetry.

Methods: CT data from 47 repaired UCLP patients were included and divided into two groups:1. adolescent group: 23 patients (15 males, 8 females; age: 10-12 years old).

Identification the Role of Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Photovoltaics via Advanced Atomic Force Microscope.

Atomicforce microscopy (AFM)-based scanning probing techniques, including Kelvinprobe force microscopy (KPFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), have been widely applied to investigate thelocal electromagnetic, physical, or molecular characteristics of functional materials on a microscopic scale. The microscopic inhomogeneities of the electronic properties of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials can be examined by these advanced AFM techniques, which bridge the local properties of materials to overall device performance and guide the optimization of the photovoltaic devices. In this review, the critical roles of local optoelectronic heterogeneities, especially at grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials, including versatile polycrystalline silicon, inorganic compound materials, and emerging halide perovskites, studied by KPFM and C-AFM, are systematically identified.