3WJ RNA Nanoparticles-Aptamer Functionalized Exosomes From M2 Macrophages Target BMSCs to Promote the Healing of Bone Fractures.

Up to now, impaired bone regeneration severely affects the healing of bone fractures, thus bringing tremendous suffering to patients. As a vital mediator between inflammatory response and bone regeneration, M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-Exos) attenuate inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, due to a lack of specific targeting property, M2-Exos will be rapidly eliminated after systematic administration, thus compromising their effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration.

Selective CDK9 knockdown sensitizes TRAIL response by suppression of antiapoptotic factors and NF-kappaB pathway.

The aberrantly up-regulated CDK9 can be targeted for cancer therapy. The CDK inhibitor dinaciclib (Dina) has been found to drastically sensitizes cancer response to TRAIL-expressing extracellular vesicle (EV-T). However, the low selectivity of Dina has limited its application for cancer.