Establishment of a Reverse Genetics System for Rotavirus Vaccine Strain LLR and Developing Vaccine Candidates Carrying VP7 Gene Cloned From Human Strains Circulating in China.

Human rotavirus A (RVA) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. The LLR RVA vaccine, which licensed in 2000 and widely used in China, significantly reduced rotavirus disease burden in China. With the changing of RV circulating strains and the emergence of new genotypes, the LLR vaccine against RVGE needed to be upgraded.

Resveratrol inhibits rabies virus infection in N2a cells by activating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Rabies is a highly lethal infectious disease with no existing treatment available, thus investigating effective antiviral compounds to control rabies virus (RABV) infection is of utmost importance. Resveratrol is a natural phenolic compound that, as a phytoalexin, exhibits several biological activities, including antiviral activity. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on RABV infection and investigated its molecular antiviral mechanism.

Rabies Virus Regulates Inflammatory Response in BV-2 Cells through Activation of Myd88 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways via TLR7.

Rabies is a fatal neurological infectious disease caused by rabies virus (RABV), which invades the central nervous system (CNS). RABV with varying virulence regulates chemokine expression, and the mechanisms of signaling pathway activation remains to be elucidated. The relationship between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and immune response induced by RABV has not been fully clarified.

Development of mRNA rabies vaccines.

Rabies, primarily transmitted to humans by dogs (accounting for 99% of cases). Once rabies occurs, its mortality rate is approximately 100%. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is critical for preventing the onset of rabies after exposure to rabid animals, and vaccination is a pivotal element of PEP.

Safety and efficacy assessment of an mRNA rabies vaccine in dogs, rodents, and cynomolgus macaques.

Rabies is a lethal disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), which causes acute neurological infections in mammals, including human beings. We previously reported that an mRNA vaccine (LVRNA001) encoding the rabies virus's glycoprotein induced strong protective immune responses to rabies in mice and dogs. Here, we further evaluate the safety of LVRNA001.

Potential option for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: New vaccine with PIKA adjuvant against diverse Chinese rabies strains.

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus. Despite existing vaccines, failures still persist. Complete protection relies on improving vaccination for delayed antibody response and weak cellular immunity.

Expert consensus on the clinical application of ormutivimab injection for use against the rabies virus.

Background: There are no local or international guidelines or consensus on the use of mAbs against the rabies virus.

Research Design And Methods: An expert group in the field of rabies prevention and control formulated the consensus presented in this paper.

Results: Class III exposed persons to rabies for the first time; Identify type II exposed persons with immune deficiency; those who are first exposed to Class II and re-exposed to Class III within 7 days.

Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin Inhibits Rabies Virus Replication In Vitro.

Rabies is a highly fatal disease, and it is vital to find effective ways to manage and control infection. There is a need for new effective antiviral drugs that are particularly effective treatments for rabies. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is known mainly for its toxicity, but at the molecular level, it can inhibit RNA and DNA replication, and there is increasing evidence that different doses of DON have a positive effect on inhibiting virus replication.

Isolation of a Novel Bat Rhabdovirus with Evidence of Human Exposure in China.

Bats are well-recognized reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. Several spillover events from bats to humans have been reported, causing severe epidemic or endemic diseases including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), henipaviruses, and filoviruses. In this study, a novel rhabdovirus species, provisionally named Rhinolophus rhabdovirus DPuer (DPRV), was identified from the horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis) in Yunnan province, China, using next-generation sequencing.

Epidemic Characteristics of Human Rabies - China, 2016-2020.

Introduction: The epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China in 2016-2020 were analyzed in order to provide the scientific basis for the formulation of the prevention and control policy of rabies at next stage.

Methods: The data of China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS) from 2016 to 2020 were collected and analyzed by using a descriptive epidemiology method.

Results: A total of 2,074 cases of human rabies were reported from 2016-2020 in China, there were year over year decreases in total number of cases.

Epidemiological and numerical simulation of rabies spreading from canines to various human populations in mainland China.

Background: The mortality of humans due to rabies in China has been declining in recent years, but it is still a significant public health problem. According to the global framework, China strives to achieve the goal of eliminating human rabies before 2030.

Methods: We reviewed the epidemiology of human deaths from rabies in mainland China from 2004 to 2018.

Evaluation of the Safety and Immune Efficacy of Recombinant Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Strain Long Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates.

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI), and no vaccine against LRTI has proven to be safe and effective in infants. Our study assessed attenuated recombinant RSVs as vaccine candidates to prevent RSV infection in mice. The constructed recombinant plasmids harbored (5' to 3') a T7 promoter, hammerhead ribozyme, RSV Long strain antigenomic cDNA with cold-passaged (cp) mutations or cp combined with temperature-sensitive attenuated mutations from the A2 strain (A2cpts) or further combined with SH gene deletion (A2cptsΔSH), HDV ribozyme (δ), and a T7 terminator.

Human rabies in China: evidence-based suggestions for improved case detection and data gathering.

Background: China still suffers heavily from rabies, although reported human cases continue to decrease year over year. There are far fewer laboratory-confirmed human cases than clinically diagnosed cases, which is a big problem that needs to be addressed. In this report, we summarize analyses of all specimens from human cases tested in our laboratory over the past 15 years, in order to promote laboratory diagnosis of rabies.

Rabies virus glycoprotein serology ELISA for measurement of neutralizing antibodies in sera of vaccinated human subjects.

Background: Vaccination provides protection against infection by inducing VNAs mainly against RABV surface GP. The measurement of VNAs to RABV is commonly used to assess the level of immunity in humans and animals after vaccination. A VNA titer of  ≥ 0.

Intra-host Ebola viral adaption during human infection.

The onsite next generation sequencing (NGS) of Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes during the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in Western Africa provides an opportunity to trace the origin, transmission, and evolution of this virus. Herein, we have diagnosed a cohort of EBOV patients in Sierra Leone in 2015, during the late phase of the outbreak. The surviving EBOV patients had a recovery process characterized by decreasing viremia, fever, and biochemical parameters.

The reemergence of human rabies and emergence of an Indian subcontinent lineage in Tibet, China.

Coordinated surveillance, vaccination and public information efforts have brought the Chinese rabies epizootic under control, but significant numbers of fatalities are still reported annually with some cases occurring in previously rabies free regions. Tibet has remained virtually rabies free for 16 years, but since 2015 one human rabies case has been reported each year. To better understand the origins of these cases, we sequenced three human samples and an additional sample isolated from a dog in 2012.

Establishment of a Chinese street rabies virus library and its application for detecting neutralizing activity.

Background: The injection of rabies immune globulin (RIG) is of the utmost importance in the management of category III exposures to rabies-suspect animals. Because of the high cost and limited availability of existing RIG, one possible replacement for RIG is monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the rabies virus (RABV). Consequently, it is necessary to determine the neutralizing activity of the MAbs against rabies viruses, especially street rabies virus.

A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the immune response to rabies vaccination in mice.

Background: Rabies is a fatal disease that is preventable when post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered in a timely fashion. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9, and their immunopotentiation activity in an inactivated aluminum-adjuvanted rabies vaccine for dogs has been identified using mouse and dog models.

Methods: A human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) of humans and a CpG ODNs with cross-immunostimulatory activity in humans and mice were used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of CpG ODN in a mouse model that simulates human PEP.

Rabies virus transmission via solid organs or tissue allotransplantation.

Background: Rabies, for which the mortality rate is almost 100%, is a zoonotic viral disease that can be transmitted via solid organs or tissue allotransplantation. Dozens of deaths from rabies via solid organs or tissues allotransplantation (ROTA) have been documented during the last decades. In 2015 and 2016, two cases of rabies virus transmission via solid organs or tissue allotransplantation were reported in China, which further underscore the risk and importance of this special type of rabies for organ transplant recipients.

Inner Mongolia: A Potential Portal for the Spread of Rabies to Western China.

In recent years, the number of human rabies cases in China has decreased annually. However, some western provinces with no human cases for more than 10 years have begun to report rabies cases, and all of the rabies lineages that circulated in western China were found in Inner Mongolia as well. In this study, we generated a phylogenetic tree with all the Inner Mongolia rabies strains available in GenBank and our laboratory, as well as strains from western China and representative viruses from neighboring countries, based on the N gene sequence.

Construction and Characterization of a Recombinant Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Encoding Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein for Antiviral Drug Screening Assay.

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children and a major viral agent responsible for respiratory tract disease in immunosuppressed individuals and the elderly, but no vaccines and antiviral drugs are available. Herein the recombinant RSV (rRSV) encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP, rRSV-EGFP) was constructed and the potential for screening anti-RSV drugs was investigated. The recombinant plasmid of pBRATm-rRSV-EGFP, containing T7 transcription cassette composed of T7 promoter, RSV antigenomic cDNA with EGFP gene, HDV ribozyme (), and T7 terminator in the order of 5' to 3', was constructed and cotransfected into BHK/T7-9 cells together with helper plasmids encoding N, P, L, and M2-1 gene, respectively.

Conjugated polymer nanoparticles-based fluorescent biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of hydroquinone.

This work describes a simple and sensitive fluorescent method for detection of hydroquinone utilizing conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs). The CPNs serve both as a catalyst to accelerate the conversion of hydroquinone to benzoquinone and a fluorescent probe. In the presence of hydroquinone, the fluorescence of CPNs can be effectively quenched by benzoquinone.