Challenges and Opportunities of Uranium Extraction From Seawater: a Systematic Roadmap From Laboratory to Industry.

Uranium extraction from seawater (UES) is crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of nuclear power and has seen significant advancements in recent years. However, natural seawater is a highly complex biogeochemical system, characterized by an extremely low uranium (U) concentration (≈3.3 µg L), abundant competitive ions, and significant marine biological pollution, making UES a formidable challenge.