Long-term intermittent theta burst stimulation enhanced hippocampus-dependent memory by regulating hippocampal theta oscillation and neurotransmitter levels in healthy rats.

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an updated pattern of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, is a potential candidate for improving memory. The hippocampus has been shown to be involved in the memory-enhancing effect induced by iTBS. However, it remains largely unknown whether this effect is achieved by regulating hippocampal theta oscillation and neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, which are strongly related to memory.

The α1 and γ2 subunit-containing GABA receptor-mediated inhibitory transmission in the anteroventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis is involved in the regulation of anxiety in rats with substantia nigra lesions.

The anteroventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (avBNST) is widely acknowledged as a key brain structure that regulates negative emotional states, such as anxiety. At present, it is still unclear whether GABA receptor-mediated inhibitory transmission in the avBNST is involved in Parkinson's disease (PD)-related anxiety. In this study, unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in rats induced anxiety-like behaviors, increased GABA synthesis and release, and upregulated expression of GABA receptor subunits in the avBNST, as well as decreased level of dopamine (DA) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA).

Dose and time-dependence of acute intermittent theta-burst stimulation on hippocampus-dependent memory in parkinsonian rats.

Background: The treatment options for cognitive impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) are limited. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been applied in various neurological diseases. However, the effect of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) as a more developed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm on cognitive dysfunction in PD remains largely unclear.

Activation and blockade of 5-HT receptor in the medial septum-diagonal band recover working memory in the hemiparkinsonian rats.

Working memory impairment is a common symptom occurred in Parkinson's disease (PD). The medial septum-diagonal band (MS-DB) complex and 5-HT receptor are involved in modulation of cognition. However, their roles in working memory in PD are still unknown.

Activation and blockade of α-adrenoceptors in the prelimbic cortex regulate anxiety-like behaviors in hemiparkinsonian rats.

At present, whether α-adrenoceptors in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) are involved in Parkinson's disease-related anxiety is unclear. We examined the effects of PrL α-adrenoceptors on anxiety-like behaviors in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle. Compared to the sham operation, the lesion induced anxiety-like responses as measured by the open field test and elevated plus-maze test.

On the rules of continuity and symmetry for the data quality of street networks.

Knowledge or rule-based approaches are needed for quality assessment and assurance in professional or crowdsourced geographic data. Nevertheless, many types of geographic knowledge are statistical in nature and are therefore difficult to derive rules that are meaningful for this purpose. The rules of continuity and symmetry considered in this paper can be thought of as two concrete forms of the first law of geography, which may be used to formulate quality measures at the individual level without referring to ground truth.

Detection of Bruch's Membrane Opening in Healthy Individuals and Glaucoma Patients with and without High Myopia.

Purpose: To determine the proportions of eyes with indiscernible Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) in glaucoma patients and healthy individuals with and without high myopia and to investigate factors contributing to indiscernible BMO.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Participants: Five hundred eyes from 315 participants, including 212 high myopic eyes (axial length [AL], ≥26 mm) from 80 glaucoma patients and 60 healthy individuals and 288 non-high myopic eyes (AL, <26 mm) from 96 glaucoma patients and 88 healthy individuals.

Impact of Rates of Change of Lamina Cribrosa and Optic Nerve Head Surface Depths on Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To investigate the impact of the rates of change of anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth (ALCSD) and optic nerve head surface depth (ONHSD) on visual field (VF) progression in glaucoma.

Methods: One hundred forty-six eyes of 95 glaucoma patients had optical coherence tomography ONH imaging and VF testing at approximately 4-month intervals for greater than or equal to 5 years. Anterior lamina cribrosa surface depth and ONHSD were measured with reference to (1) Bruch's membrane opening (BMO), and (2) choroid-sclera interface (CSI).

Gene expression profiles reveal key pathways and genes associated with neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury.

Previous gene expression profiling studies of neuropathic pain (NP) following spinal cord injury (SCI) have predominantly been performed in animal models. The present study aimed to investigate gene alterations in patients with spinal cord injury and to further examine the mechanisms underlying NP following SCI. The GSE69901 gene expression profile was downloaded from the public Gene Expression Omnibus database.

Spatial Distribution Balance Analysis of Hospitals in Wuhan.

The spatial distribution pattern of hospitals in Wuhan indicates a core in the central urban areas and a sparse distribution in the suburbs, particularly at the center of suburbs. This study aims to improve the gravity and Huff models to analyze healthcare accessibility and resources. Results indicate that healthcare accessibility in central urban areas is better than in the suburbs, where it increasingly worsens for the suburbs.

Optic Nerve Head Deformation in Glaucoma: A Prospective Analysis of Optic Nerve Head Surface and Lamina Cribrosa Surface Displacement.

Purpose: To evaluate long-term, longitudinal displacement of the optic nerve head (ONH) and anterior lamina cribrosa surfaces in glaucoma patients imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT).

Design: Prospective study.

Participants: A total of 173 eyes of 108 subjects (88 with glaucoma and 20 normal subjects) followed for a mean of 5.

Activation of serotonin2A receptors in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex enhanced working memory in the hemiparkinsonian rats.

Serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptors are highly expressed in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex (MS-DB), especially in parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons linked to hippocampal theta rhythm, which is involved in cognition. Cognitive impairments commonly occur in Parkinson's disease. Here we performed behavioral, electrophysiological, neurochemical and immunohistochemical studies in rats with complete unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to assess the importance of dopamine (DA) depletion and MS-DB 5-HT2A receptors for working memory.

Firing activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons increases in a rodent model of Parkinsonism.

Objective: To investigate the changes in the firing activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) in a rat model of Parkinson disease (PD).

Methods: 2 and 4 weeks after unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway in the rat by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the firing activity of noradrenergic neurons in LC was recorded by extracellular single unit recording.

Results: The firing rate of LC noradrenergic neurons increased significantly 2 and 4 weeks after 6-OHDA lesions compared to normal rats, respectively (P < 0.

The selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635 increases neuronal activity of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.

In the present study, extracellular recording was used to examine the neuronal activity of the basolateral nucleus (BL) of the amygdala and the effects of systemic administration of the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635 on the neuronal activity in the normal rats and rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-produced lesions in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The results showed that the firing rates of BL projection neurons and interneurons were (0.39±0.