DNMT3b-mediated CpA methylation facilitates REST binding and gene silencing and exacerbates hippocampal demyelination in diabetic mice.

The remyelination process within the diabetes mellitus (DM) brain is inhibited, and dynamic interactions between DNA methylation and transcription factors are critical for this process. Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is a major regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation, and the role of REST on DM remyelination remains to be investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of REST and DNA methylation on DM remyelination and explored the underlying mechanisms.

Th22 cells promote the transition from homeostatic to reactive microglia in diabetic encephalopathy.

Background: Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), and its pathogenesis has not yet been clarified. Th22 cells are a newly discovered class of CD4 T cells that play important roles in inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, it is unclear whether Th22 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of DE.

Salidroside ameliorates diabetic retinopathy and Müller cell inflammation via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/NF-𝜅B pathway.

Purpose: To determine whether salidroside (SAL) modulates inflammatory cytokines in rat retinal Müller cells (rMC-1) in a hyperglycemic environment by investigating the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SAL in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: A streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model was established to examine the effects of SAL using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry. rMC-1 cells were grown in 50 mM of high-glucose medium.

Cellular Characterization and Interspecies Evolution of the Tree Shrew Retina across Postnatal Lifespan.

Tree shrews (TSs) possess a highly developed visual system. Here, we establish an age-related single-cell RNA sequencing atlas of retina cells from 15 TSs, covering 6 major retina cell classes and 3 glial cell types. An age effect is observed on the cell subset composition and gene expression pattern.

GLCCI1 alleviates GRP78-initiated endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in diabetic retinopathy by upregulating and interacting with HSP90AB1.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are among the first neurons to undergo apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy (DR), with their relationship to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced apoptosis still unclear. While glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 (GLCCI1) has been shown to inhibit apoptosis, its role in ERS-induced apoptosis and its mechanisms in DR remain unclarified. Our findings indicated that GLCCI1 is predominantly localized in the ganglion cell layer and is downregulated in DR.

The GLCCI1/STAT3 pathway: a novel pathway involved in diabetic cognitive dysfunction and the therapeutic effect of salidroside.

Diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) is a complication of diabetes that seriously affects quality of life. Glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 (GLCCI1) has been found to be involved in inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in various diseases. However, the distribution of GLCCI1 in the brain and its role in DCD have not yet been revealed.

Molecular network mechanism in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats treated with human urine stem cells.

Objective: To explore the effect of human urine-derived stem cells (husc) in improving the neurological function of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR), and report new molecular network by bioinformatics, combined with experiment validation.

Methods: After CIR model was established, and husc were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of rats，neurological severe score (NSS) andgene network analysis were performed. Firstly, we input the keywords "Cerebral reperfusion" and "human urine stem cells" into Genecard database and merged data with findings from PubMed so as to get their targets genes, and downloaded them to make Venny intersection plot.

Discovery of astragaloside IV against high glucose-induced apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells: Bioinformatics and in vitro studies.

Objective: To examine the therapeutic mechanism of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) in the management of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury induced by high glucose (HG), a comprehensive approach involving the integration of network pharmacology and conducting in vitro and in vivo experiments was utilized.

Methods: A rat model of diabetic retinopathy (DR) injury was created by administering streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injection. Additionally, a model of RGC injury induced by HG was established using a glucose concentration of 0.

Salidroside protects RGC from pyroptosis in diabetes-induced retinopathy associated with NLRP3, NFEZL2 and NGKB1, revealed by network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation.

Objective: To investigate the effect of salidroside (SAL) in protecting retinal ganglion cell (RGC) from pyroptosis and explore associated molecular network mechanism in diabetic retinapathy (DR) rats.

Methods: HE, Nissl and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the retinal morphological change, and the related target genes for salidroside, DR and pyroptosis were downloaded from GeneCard database. Then Venny, PPI, GO, KEGG analysis and molecular docking were used to reveal molecular network mechanism of SAL in inhibiting the pyroptosis of RGC.

Bioinformatics-based Study on the Effects of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Aging Retina.

Background: Retinal aging is one of the common public health problems caused by population aging and has become an important cause of acquired vision loss in adults. The aim of this study was to determine the role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) in delaying retinal ganglion cell (RGC) aging and part of the network of molecular mechanisms involved.

Methods: A retinal ganglion cell senescence model was established and treated with UCMSC.

A Single Organic Fluorescent Probe for the Discrimination of Dual Spontaneous ROS in Living Organisms: Theoretical Approach.

Single-organic-molecule fluorescent probes with double-lock or even multi-lock response modes have attracted the attention of a wide range of researchers. The number of corresponding reports has rapidly increased in recent years. The effective application of the multi-lock response mode single-molecule fluorescent probe has improved the comprehensive understanding of the related targets' functions or influences in pathologic processes.

A Novel Fluorescence Probe Based on Azamonardine for Detecting and Imaging Cysteine in Cells and Zebrafish with High Selectivity and Sensitivity.

A novel fluorescent probe based on azamonardine (Aza) fluorophore was designed and synthesized for the highly selective detection of cysteine (Cys) in vivo and in vitro. After reacting with acryloyl chloride, the fluorescence of Aza is effectively quenched, resulting in the formation of the Aza-acryl probe. Upon the addition of Cys, the ester bond of Aza-acryl is cleaved, releasing a new compound (Compound ) with strong fluorescence, thereby achieving fluorescence turn-on detection of Cys.

4D-DIA quantitative proteomics revealed the core mechanism of diabetic retinopathy after berberine treatment.

Objective: To reveal the core mechanism of berberine (BBR) in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR), by using Four-dimensional independent data acquisition (4D-DIA) proteomics combined bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation.

Methods: DR injury model was established by injecting streptozotocin intraperitoneally. At 8 weeks after BBR administration, optical coherence tomography (OTC) photos and Hematoxylin-eosin staining from retina in each group were performed, then the retina was collected for 4D-DIA quantitative proteomics detection.

Neuroprotective effect of salidroside on hippocampal neurons in diabetic mice via PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.

Background: Diabetic encephalopathy is manifested by cognitive dysfunction. Salidroside, a nature compound isolated from Rhodiola rosea L, has the effects of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering, improving insulin resistance, inhibiting cell apoptosis, and protecting neurons. However, the mechanism by which salidroside alleviates neuronal degeneration and improves learning and memory impairment in diabetic mice remains unclear.

Salidroside Inhibits Ganglion Cell Apoptosis by Suppressing the Müller Cell Inflammatory Response in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the role of salidroside (SAL) in the cellular communication between Müller cells and retinal ganglion cells in diabetic mice.

Methods: The diabetes mellitus (DM) animal models were established by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and treatment with SAL gavage or by the injection of IL-22BP into the vitreous cavity. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller cells.

Heterogeneous organization of Locus coeruleus: An intrinsic mechanism for functional complexity.

Locus coeruleus (LC) is a small nucleus located deep in the brainstem that contains the majority of central noradrenergic neurons, which provide the primary source of noradrenaline (NA) throughout the entire central nervous system (CNS).The release of neurotransmitter NA is considered to modulate arousal, sensory processing, attention, aversive and adaptive stress responses as well as high-order cognitive function and memory, with the highly ramified axonal arborizations of LC-NA neurons sending wide projections to the targeted brain areas. For over 30 years, LC was thought to be a homogeneous nucleus in structure and function due to the widespread uniform release of NA by LC-NA neurons and simultaneous action in several CNS regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Relationship between IL-22 and IL-22BP in diabetic cognitive dysfunction.

Background: CD4 + T helper (Th)22 cells play a regulatory role in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. The Th22-related cytokine interleukin (IL)-22, the expression of which is increased in diabetes mellitus (DM), can act as a neurotrophic factor to protect neurons from apoptosis. Paradoxically, neuronal apoptosis and learning and memory decline occur in DM.

Salidroside Alleviates Diabetic Cognitive Dysfunction Via B3galt2/F3/Contactin Signaling Pathway in Mice.

Diabetes is frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment with insidious onset, and progressive cognitive and behavioral changes. β-1, 3-galactosyltransferase 2 (B3galt2) contributes to glycosylation, showing a clue for neuronal apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. However, the role of B3galt2 in diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) has not been investigated.

Salidroside attenuates HALI via IL-17A-mediated ferroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by regulating Act1-TRAF6-p38 MAPK pathway.

Background And Purpose: Hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) is a critical life-threatening disorder characterized by severe infiltration immune cells and death of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII). However, little is known about the relations between immune cells and AECII in HALI. IL-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by Th17 cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.

Th22 cells induce Müller cell activation via the Act1/TRAF6 pathway in diabetic retinopathy.

T helper 22 (Th22) cells have been implicated in diabetic retinopathy (DR), but it remains unclear whether Th22 cells involve in the pathogenesis of DR. To investigate the role of Th22 cells in DR mice, the animal models were established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ and confirmed by fundus fluorescein angiography and retinal haematoxylin-eosin staining. IL-22BP was administered by intravitreal injection.

A Mechanistic Exploratory Study on the Therapeutic Efficacy of Astragaloside IV Against Diabetic Retinopathy Revealed by Network Pharmacology.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, which nearly happens to all the diabetic sufferers. This study aims to identify the preliminary molecular regulation involved in the therapeutic efficacy of astragaloside IV (AS- IV) for DR. Diabetic rat models were established and treated with AS-IV.

Electronic structure and interaction in CH@C: a first-principle investigation.

CH@C was the first example within which an organic molecule has been embedded in C. CH can rotate freely in the molecular cage, and the carbon skeleton structure of the C has no obvious deformation. The electronic structure of CH@C and interaction between C and CH were studied under quantum mechanical calculation method.