Transcriptional response of detoxifying enzyme genes in Bombyx mori under chlorfenapyr exposure.

The silkworm, Bombyx mori (B. mori) is an important economic insect which ingests mulberry leaves and products the silk in industry. Chlorfenapyr is a new halogenated pyrrole insecticide which has been promoted for the control of mulberry insect pests in China.

Antioxidant and Hemolysis Protective Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Mulberry Fruits.

Background: Mulberry fruits are a superior source of polyphenol, especially anthocyanins that contribute potentially to the beneficial effects which include reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancers with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties.

Objectives: In this study, purification of the polyphenol-rich extract from mulberry fruit (MPE) was purified and assessed the activities of antioxidant and hemolysis protective and .

Materials And Methods: Antioxidant activities was measured by quantifying its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power and Fe-chelating ability.

Improved 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) production in mulberry leaves fermented by microorganism.

DNJ, an inhibitor of α-glucosidase, is used to suppress the elevation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this study, we focus on screening an appropriate microorganism for performing fermentation to improve DNJ content in mulberry leaf. Results showed that Ganoderma lucidum was selected from 8 species and shown to be the most effective in improvement of DNJ production from mulberry leaves through fermentation.

Core promoter regulates the expression of cathepsin B gene in the fat body of Bombyx mori.

Bombyx mori cathepsin B (BmCatB) is involved in the programmed cell death of the fat body during B. mori metamorphosis. For a better understanding of the functional regulatory mechanism, the promoter region of BmCatB in the transcriptional regulation has been identified and analyzed in the present study.

Identification and functional analysis of the cathepsin D gene promoter of Bombyx mori.

The gene encoding cathepsin D of silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmCatD) is specifically expressed in the larval fat body and pupal gut, and plays an important role in the programmed cell death during metamorphosis. To identify element involved in this transcription-dependent spatial restriction, truncation and deletion of the 5' terminal from the BmCatD promoter were conducted in vivo. The recombinant AcMNPV vector (Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus) with a dual-luciferase quantitative assay system was used as the transfer.

Identification of ecdysone response elements (EcREs) in the Bombyx mori cathepsin D promoter.

Bombyx mori Cathepsin D (BmCatD) is specifically expressed in the fat body, and plays a critical role for the programmed cell death of the larval fat body and pupal gut during metamorphosis. To better understand the transcriptional control of BmCatD expression, we conducted this study to identify the ecdysone response elements (EcREs) in the BmCatD promoter and clarify their regulational functions. We inserted EcREs into a recombinant AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus) vector and performed luciferase assay with a dual-luciferase quantitative assay system.

Rapid detection of Rosa laevigata polysaccharide content by near-infrared spectroscopy.

A method of rapid detecting Rosa laevigata polysaccharide content on the basis of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was established to achieve the purpose of controlling quality of R. laevigata. A total of 129 batches of R.

Molecular cloning and oxidative stress response of a sigma-class glutathione S-transferase of the bumblebee Bombus ignitus.

Glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.

Expression profiles of glutathione S-transferase genes in larval midgut of Bombyx mori exposed to insect hormones.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are believed to play a role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, resistance to insect viruses and pesticides, intracellular transport, biosynthesis of hormones and protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we used quantitative real time RT-PCR to examine expression profiles of the silkworm Bombyx mori GST-Sigma (BmGSTS2) and GST-Delta (BmGSTD2) genes in the larval midgut of the silkworm after exposure to 2-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone analog (JHA). In concentration-course study, 20E at higher concentrations (1.

Molecular characterization of a phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase from the bumblebee Bombus ignitus.

Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx or GPx4; EC 1.11.1.

Expression profile of cathepsin B in the fat body of Bombyx mori during metamorphosis.

Proteolytic enzymes are involved in insect molting and metamorphosis, and play a vital role in the programmed cell death of obsolete organs. Here we show the expression profile of cathepsin B in the fat body of the silkworm Bombyx mori during development. We also compare the expression profiles of B.

Functional role of aspartic proteinase cathepsin D in insect metamorphosis.

Background: Metamorphosis is a complex, highly conserved and strictly regulated development process that involves the programmed cell death of obsolete larval organs. Here we show a novel functional role for the aspartic proteinase cathepsin D during insect metamorphosis.

Results: Cathepsin D of the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmCatD) was ecdysone-induced, differentially and spatially expressed in the larval fat body of the final instar and in the larval gut of pupal stage, and its expression led to programmed cell death.

Molecular cloning, expression, and enzymatic activity of a novel endogenous cellulase from the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari.

A novel endogenous beta-1,4-endoglucanase (Ag-EGase III) gene belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 5 was cloned from the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari. The Ag-EGase III gene spans 1061 bp and consists of a single exon coding for 325 amino acid residues. The Ag-EGase III showed 89% protein sequence identity to another beetle, Psacothea hilaris, cellulase belonging to GHF 5.

N-linked glycosylation of a beetle (Apriona germari) cellulase Ag-EGase II is necessary for enzymatic activity.

We previously reported that the beta-1,4-endoglucanase (EGase) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 45 of the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari (Ag-EGase II), has three potential N-linked glycosylation sites; these sites are located at amino acid residues 56-59 (NKSG), 99-102 (NSTF), and 237-239 (NYSstop). In the present study, we analyze the functional role of these potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Tunicamycin treatment completely abolished the enzymatic activity of Ag-EGase II.

A digestive beta-glucosidase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori: cDNA cloning, expression and enzymatic characterization.

A digestive beta-glucosidase cDNA was cloned from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The B. mori beta-glucosidase cDNA contains an open reading frame of 1473 bp encoding 491 amino acid residues.

A novel cellulase gene from the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari: gene structure, expression, and enzymatic activity.

We have previously cloned a cellulase [beta-1,4-endoglucanase (EGase), EC 3.2.1.

N-glycosylation is necessary for enzymatic activity of a beetle (Apriona germari) cellulase.

We previously reported that the beta-1,4-endoglucanase (EGase) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 45 cloned from the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari (Ag-EGase I), is composed of 237 amino acid residues and has a potential N-glycosylation site at 97-100 amino acid residues (NSTF). We here describe the N-glycosylation and its role for enzymatic activity of the Ag-EGase I. The N-glycosylation of Ag-EGase I was revealed by the treatment of tunicamycin to the recombinant virus-infected insect Sf9 cells and by endoglycosidase F to the purified recombinant Ag-EGase I, demonstrating that the carbohydrate moieties are not necessary for secretion but essential for Ag-EGase I enzyme activity.