Auditory fear memory retrieval requires BLA-LS and LS-VMH circuitries via GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons.

Fear and associated learning and memory are critical for developing defensive behavior. Excessive fear and anxiety are important components of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, the neurobiology of fear conditioning, especially tone-related fear memory retrieval, has not been clearly defined, which limits specific intervention development for patients with excessive fear and anxiety.

Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Ameliorates Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibiting Autophagy and Inflammation in the Brain.

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is common and has poor clinical outcome. Sepsis increases autophagy in the brain. This study was designed to determine the role of autophagy on SAE including the brain structures related to learning and memory and the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an anti-inflammatory agent, on autophagy and SAE.

Carboxyl Terminal Modulator Protein Induces Cell Senescence and Is Upregulated With Aging by Zic2 in Rats.

Carboxyl terminal modulator protein (CTMP) may be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, tumor growth, and cardiac hypertrophy. Our recent study has shown that CTMP is increased with aging and plays a role in determining brain ischemic tolerance. However, it is not known how CTMP expression with aging is regulated and whether the changed CTMP expression has an effect on cell senescence.

Chronic high fat diet-induced cerebrovascular remodeling impairs recovery of blood flow after cerebral ischemia in mice.

Obesity and associated metabolic disturbances worsen brain ischemia outcome. High fat diet (HFD)-fed mice are obese and have cerebrovascular remodeling and worsened brain ischemia outcome. We determined whether HFD-induced cerebrovascular remodeling impaired reperfusion to the ischemic penumbra.

Living alone predicts non-home discharge post elective hip arthroplasty: A matched-pair cohort study.

The impact of home support and interaction with family members on recovery and perioperative outcomes remains unclear. We determined whether living alone was predictive of discharge disposition following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Data were from American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program participating hospitals in 2021.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to depression-like behaviors via hippocampal NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in a postpartum depression mouse model.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental disorder that affects approximately 10---20% of women after childbirth. The precise mechanism underlying PPD pathogenesis remains elusive, thus limiting the development of therapeutics. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is considered to contribute to major depressive disorder.

Anatomical Substrates of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Rebound in a Rodent Model of Post-sevoflurane Sleep Disruption.

Background: Previous research suggests that sevoflurane anesthesia may prevent the brain from accessing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. If true, then patterns of neural activity observed in REM-on and REM-off neuronal populations during recovery from sevoflurane should resemble those seen after REM sleep deprivation. In this study, the authors hypothesized that, relative to controls, animals exposed to sevoflurane present with a distinct expression pattern of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in a cluster of nuclei classically associated with REM sleep, and that such expression in sevoflurane-exposed and REM sleep-deprived animals is largely similar.

Impact of functional status on 30-day resource utilization and organ system complications following index bariatric surgery: a cohort study.

Background: Bariatric surgical procedures carry an appreciable risk profile despite their elective nature. Identified risk factors for procedural complications are often limited to medical comorbidities. This study assesses the impact of functional status on resource utilization and organ system complications following bariatric surgery.

Gut microbiota of old mice worsens neurological outcome after brain ischemia via increased valeric acid and IL-17 in the blood.

Background: Aging is a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke and worsens its outcome. However, the mechanisms for this worsened neurological outcome with aging are not clearly defined.

Results: Old C57BL/6J male mice (18 to 20 months old) had a poorer neurological outcome and more severe inflammation after transient focal brain ischemia than 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice (young mice).

Formyl peptide receptor 1 is involved in surgery-induced neuroinflammation and dysfunction of learning and memory in mice.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication after surgery. Peripheral immune cells may contribute to the development of POCD. However, molecules that are important for this contribution are not known.

Familiar observers attenuate surgery-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in mice.

Aims: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication associated with poor outcome. Our previous study has shown that living with familiar observers in the same cage reduces anxiety of mice with surgery. Anxiety can impair learning and memory.

Desflurane Post-treatment Reduces Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury via Reducing Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 in Neonatal Rats.

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury leads to mortality and morbidity in neonates and children. There are no effective and practical methods to attenuate this brain injury. This study determined whether desflurane, a volatile anesthetic with limited effect on the cardiovascular system, protected against HI-induced brain damage and the role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a mediator for simulated ischemia-induced myelin damage, in this protection.

Effect of regional versus general anesthesia on thirty-day outcomes following carotid endarterectomy: a cohort study.

Background: The effect of regional versus general anesthesia on carotid endarterectomy outcomes is debated. This study assesses the effect of anesthetic technique on major morbidity and mortality and additional secondary endpoints following carotid endarterectomy.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective propensity-matched-cohort analysis investigating elective carotid endarterectomy patients in the 2015-2019 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program ( n =37 204).

Microglial IL-1RA ameliorates brain injury after ischemic stroke by inhibiting astrocytic CXCL1-mediated neutrophil recruitment and microvessel occlusion.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, is characterized by a rapid inflammatory cascade resulting in exacerbation of ischemic brain injury. Microglia are the first immune responders. However, the role of postischemic microglial activity in ischemic brain injury remains far from being fully understood.

Effect of spinal versus general anesthesia on thirty-day outcomes following total hip arthroplasty: A matched-pair cohort analysis.

Study Objective: It has not yet been established whether total hip arthroplasty complications are associated with anesthetic technique (spinal versus general). This study assessed the effect of spinal versus general anesthesia on health care resource utilization and secondary endpoints following total hip arthroplasty.

Design: Propensity-matched cohort analysis.

Late surgical start time is associated with increased blood transfusion following gastric bypass surgery.

Background: Surgical start time (SST) has demonstrated conflicting effects on perioperative outcomes due to confounding factors, such as increased acuity in later SST cases. This study investigated the effect of SST on blood transfusion after gastric bypass surgery, a complication-prone elective surgical procedure.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery at a single academic medical center from 2016 through 2021 (n = 299).

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Activated Neuronal and Microglial Autophagy Contributes to Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Neonatal rats.

Surgery and anesthesia in neonates may lead to cognitive impairment or abnormal behaviors. It has been shown that autophagy plays a critical role in neuropsychiatric disorders, while the role of autophagy in postoperative cognitive impairment in neonates is not known. Here, we determined this role and the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in regulating brain cell autophagy after surgery.

Inhibition of ERK/CREB signaling contributes to postoperative learning and memory dysfunction in neonatal rats.

Exposure to surgery with anesthesia early in life may lead to abnormal behavior, learning, and memory in humans. Pre-clinical studies have suggested a critical role of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in these effects. We hypothesize that the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway contributes to GDNF decrease and the dysfunction of learning and memory.

Triptolide injection reduces Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice.

Triptolide is an epoxidized diterpene lactone isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. Studies have shown that triptolide exerts organ-protective effects. However, it remains unknown whether triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like presentations.

Positive SARS-CoV-2 detection on intraoperative nasopharyngeal viral testing is not associated with worse outcomes for asymptomatic elective surgical patients.

Background: It has been demonstrated that surgical patients with COVID-19 are at increased risk for postoperative complications. However, this association has not been tested in asymptomatic elective surgical patients.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study among elective gynecological and spine surgery patients at a single tertiary medical center from July 2020 through April 2022 ( = 1,130) was performed.

Efficacy and safety of Ciprofol for procedural sedation and anesthesia in non-operating room settings.

Study Objective: Ciprofol, a novel intravenous anesthetic, provides rapid recovery in patients undergoing colonoscopy. We aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of ciprofol in comparison with propofol for sedation or anesthesia in non-operating room settings including endoscopic submucosal dissection, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and flexible bronchoscopy (FB).

Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial.

Cognitive function and delirium following sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia for valve replacement surgery: A multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Cognitive dysfunction is a common postoperative neurological complication in patients undergoing valve replacement surgery. This study aimed to compare the effects of sevoflurane versus propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia on the incidence of cognitive dysfunction following valve replacement surgery. This multicenter, randomized, controlled double-blinded study was conducted in three teaching hospitals in China.