Artificial intelligence-integrated smartphone-based handheld detection of fluoride ion by Al-triggered aggregation-induced red-emssion enhanced carbon dots.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated smartphone-based handheld determination platform, based on 3D printed accessory, Al-triggered aggregation-induced red-emssion enhanced carbon dots (CDs) test strip, and smartphone with self-developed YOLO v3 AI algorithm-based application, proves the feasibility for intelligent real-time on-site quantitation of F through tracking a consecutive fluorescence (FL) colour change. CDs, manifesting dual emission of moderate green emission at 512 nm and weak red one at 620 nm under 365 nm excitation, were synthesized hydrothermally from alizarin carmine and citric acid. CDs@Al, with distinct aggregation-induced red-emssion enhancement and green-emssion quenchment, were prepared by adding Al to the CDs solution.