Functional Characterization of a Highly Efficient UDP-Glucosyltransferase CitUGT72AZ4 Involved in the Biosynthesis of Flavonoid Glycosides in Citrus.

Citrus is an important dietary source of flavonoid glycosides, and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are the key enzymes responsible for their glycosylation. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of the gene family was conducted to identify that contribute to flavonoid 4'--glucosides biosynthesis. Our analysis identified 136 CitUGTs in the genome, classifying them into 18 phylogenetic groups (A-R) and 25 families.

Mechanistic insight into the decomposition of sulfone compounds in supercritical water.

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is famous for the clean utilization of organic wastes without SO emission. Investigating the decomposition mechanism of sulfone compounds, the dominant organic sulfur compounds of organic wastes, in supercritical water (SCW) is conducive to the development of SCWG technology. Herein, the comparative decomposition mechanism of phenyl vinyl sulfone (PVS), diphenyl sulfone (DS), and benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide (BD) are explored via experiments and density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations.

Fungal Pathogen Diversity and Fungicide Resistance Assessment in Fusarium Crown Rot of Wheat in the Huanghuai Region of China.

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) poses a major threat to wheat production in the Huanghuai wheat region of China. This study aims to enhance understanding of pathogen populations causing FCR, focusing on their pathogenicity, trichothecene genotypes, and fungicide resistance. During the 2022-2023 growing seasons, we collected 1820 fungal isolates from 233 locations in this region.

Metabolic and Molecular Insights Into Nicotiana benthamiana Trichome Exudates: An Ammunition Depot for Plant Resistance Against Insect Pests.

Nicotiana benthamiana, a widely acknowledged laboratory model plant for molecular studies, exhibits lethality to certain insect pests and can serve as a dead-end trap plant for pest control in the field. However, the underlying mechanism of N. benthamiana's resistance against insects remains unknown.

Structural characteristics and wound-healing effects of Bletilla striata fresh tuber polysaccharide.

A homogeneous polysaccharide from Bletilla striata fresh tuber (BSPS) was prepared and extensively characterized using HP-GPC, colorimetry, FT-IR, methylation, GC-MS, NMR, Congo red experiment, SEM, and AFM. The molecular weight of BSPS was 722.90 kDa.

Unlocking the Siderophore Biosynthesis Pathway and Its Biological Functions in the Fungal Insect Pathogen .

Siderophores are small molecule iron chelators. The entomopathogenic fungus produces a plethora of siderophores under iron-limiting conditions. In this study, a siderophore biosynthesis pathway, akin to the general pathway observed in filamentous fungi, was revealed in .

The evolutionary adaptation of wood-decay macrofungi to host gymnosperms differs from that to host angiosperms.

Wood-decay macrofungi play a vital role in forest ecosystems by promoting nutrient cycling and soil structure, and their evolution is closely related to their host plants. This study investigates the potential evolutionary adaptation of wood-decay macrofungi to their host plants, focusing on whether these relationships differ between gymnosperms and angiosperms. While previous research has suggested non-random associations between specific fungi and plant deadwood, direct evidence of evolutionary adaptation has been lacking.

Preparation of bacterial fertilizer from biogas residue after anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and residual sludge.

Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus subtilis were selected as fermentation strains, and biogas residue after anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and residual sludge was used as fermentation substrate. A single factor optimization test was used to optimize the solid-state fermentation parameters of biogas residue with the number of viable bacteria and the number of spores as indexes. The results showed that the optimum inoculation conditions involved the following: 55% initial moisture content, 15% initial inoculation amount, 30 ℃, and 1:1 initial inoculation ratio for 13 days.

The Tandem of Liquid Chromatography and Network Pharmacology for the Chemical Profiling of Pule'an Tablets and the Prediction of Mechanism of Action in Treating Prostatitis.

Prostatitis, a prevalent urinary tract disorder in males, has a complex etiology that leads to severe clinical discomfort. Pule'an Tablets, a classic single-component formulation primarily based on rapeseed pollen, have been clinically proven to have a beneficial therapeutic effect on both prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, there is currently a lack of research on the chemical composition and mechanisms of action of Pule'an Tablets in treating prostatitis.

Characterization of Various Noncovalent Polyphenol-Starch Complexes and Their Prebiotic Activities during Digestion and Fermentation.

This study explores the structural characterization of six noncovalent polyphenol-starch complexes and their prebiotic activities during digestion and fermentation. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, isoquercetin, astragalin, and hyperin were complexed with sweet potato starch (SPS). The polyphenols exhibited high binding capacity (>70%) with SPS.

Image Captioning With Controllable and Adaptive Length Levels.

Image captioning is a core challenge in computer vision, attracting significant attention. Traditional methods prioritize caption quality, often overlooking style control. Our research enhances method controllability, enabling descriptions of varying detail.

Structural, in vitro digestion, and fermentation characteristics of lotus leaf flavonoids.

Bioaccessibility and bioactivity of flavonoids in lotus leaves are related to their characteristics in gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation. The aim of this study is to investigate the stability of lotus leaf flavonoids (LLF) in simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and its modulation on gut microbiota in vitro fermentation. Results showed that LLF mainly consisted of quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside.

Oil diffusion mathematical model in oily sludge particle under supercritical water environment.

Supercritical water (SCW, T > 374.15 °C, P > 22.1 MPa) treatment can achieve volume reduction, harmless disposal, and resource utilization of oily sludge.

Study on the Thermohydrodynamic Friction Characteristics of Surface-Textured Valve Plate of Axial Piston Pumps.

The purpose of this paper is to study the oil film and friction characteristics of valve plates with a micro-textured surface and to explore the influence of textures of different shapes and sizes on the valve plates. Firstly, on the basis of thermohydrodynamic theory, this paper established the lubrication model of the oil film on the valve plate pair of swashplate axial piston pumps, according to the Reynolds equation. Secondly, the micro-texture was added to the mathematical model of the valve plate pair's oil film.

Dietary Xylitol Supplement Ameliorated AD-related Neuronal Injury by Regulating Glucose Metabolism Relevant Amino Acids in Mice.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common irreversible degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Recent studies have found that patients with AD generally experience abnormal glucose metabolism. Xylitol is a functional sugar alcohol, which has been reported to regulate glucose metabolism.

Inorganic Nitrogen-Containing Aerosol Deposition Caused "Excessive Photosynthesis" of Herbs, Resulting in Increased Nitrogen Demand.

The amount of atmospheric nitrogen-containing aerosols has increased dramatically due to the globally rising levels of nitrogen from fertilization and atmospheric deposition. Although the balance of carbon and nitrogen in plants is a crucial component of physiological and biochemical indexes and plays a key role in adaptive regulation, our understanding of how nitrogen-containing aerosols affect this remains limited; in particular, regarding the associated mechanisms. Using a fumigation particle generator, we generated ammonium nitrate solution (in four concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 60 kg N hm year) into droplets, in 90% of which the diameters were less than 2.

Identification of a novel α-glucosidase inhibitor from Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. fruits and its effect on regulating postprandial blood glucose.

Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. (MDL) extracts have shown potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, suggesting MDL might be a good source of α-glucosidase inhibitors. The aim of the study was to identify compounds in MDL extracts with α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and evaluate their effect on postprandial blood glucose as well as elucidating the underlying mechanisms of inhibition.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity and Gut Microbiota Modulatory Effects of Different Kinds of Berries.

Berries are fairly favored by consumers. Phenolic compounds are the major phytochemicals in berries, among which anthocyanins are one of the most studied. Phenolic compounds are reported to have prebiotic-like effects.

Programmed cell death process in freshwater Microcystis aeruginosa and marine Phaeocystis globosa induced by a plant derived allelochemical.

Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are a serious problem worldwide. Allelochemicals from natural plants were recently thought to be promising anti-algaecide in controlling harmful algae. However, the programmed cell death (PCD) process of algae under allelopathic pressure induced by 5,4'-dihydroxyflavone (5,4'-DHF) was poorly understood.

Carcinogenic Risk of 2,6-Di--Butylphenol and Its Quinone Metabolite 2,6-DTBQ Through Their Interruption of RARβ: , , and Investigations.

Thousands of contaminants are used worldwide and eventually released into the environment, presenting a challenge of health risk assessment. The identification of key toxic pathways and characterization of interactions with target biomacromolecules are essential for health risk assessments. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) incorporates toxic mechanisms into health risk assessment by emphasizing the relationship among molecular initiating events (MIEs), key events (KEs), and adverse outcome (AO).

Long-Term Nitrogen Deposition Alters Ectomycorrhizal Community Composition and Function in a Poplar Plantation.

The continuous upsurge in soil nitrogen (N) enrichment has had strong impacts on the structure and function of ecosystems. Elucidating how plant ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) mutualists respond to this additional N will facilitate the rapid development and implementation of more broadly applicable management and remediation strategies. For this study, we investigated the responses of EMF communities to increased N, and how other abiotic environmental factors impacted them.

Investigation of phytochemical composition and metabolite profiling in vivo of Beta vulgaris L.

Rationale: Beta vulgaris L. has attracted increasing attention because of its broad application. The root of B.