Extended Photoperiod Facilitated the Restoration of the Expression of GH-IGF Axis Genes in Submerged Rainbow Trout ().

Salmonids, classified as physostomous fish, maintain buoyancy by ingesting air to inflate their swim bladders. Long-term submergence has been shown to cause body imbalance and reduced growth performance in these fish. Previous studies have demonstrated that extended photoperiod can promote growth in salmonids.

Effects of Chronic Stress from High Stocking Density in Mariculture: Evaluations of Growth Performance and Lipid Metabolism of Rainbow Trout ().

(1) Background: In aquaculture, chronic stress due to high stocking density impairs animals' welfare and results in declined fishery production with low protein quality. However, most previous studies evaluated the effects of high stocking density on trout in freshwater rather than seawater. (2) Methods: Juvenile trout were reared for 84 days in circular tanks under three stocking densities, including low density ("LD", 9.

Pleiotropic Role of Rainbow Trout CXCRs in Response to Disease and Environment: Insights from Transcriptional Signatures and Structure Analysis.

Chemokines are cytokines with chemoattractant capacities that exert their physiological functions through the binding of chemokine receptors. Thus, chemokine and receptor complexes exert important roles in regulating development and homeostasis during routine immune surveillance and inflammation. Compared to mammals, the physiology and structure of chemokine receptors in fish have not been systematically studied.

PI3Kγ maintains the self-renewal of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells by regulating the pentose phosphate pathway.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy originating from transformed hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. AML prognosis remains poor owing to resistance and relapse driven by leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Targeting molecules essential for LSC function is a promising therapeutic approach.

Divergent Pharmacology and Biased Signaling of the Four Melanocortin-4 Receptor Isoforms in Rainbow Trout ().

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is essential for the modulation of energy balance and reproduction in both fish and mammals. Rainbow trout () has been extensively studied in various fields and provides a unique opportunity to investigate divergent physiological roles of paralogues. Herein we identified four trout (, , , and ) genes.

Identification, characterization, and transcription of serotonin receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to bacterial infection and salinity changes.

Serotonergic system is involved in the regulation of physiological functions and behavioral traits including cognition, memory, aggression, stress coping, appetite and immunomodulation. Serotonin exerts its functions via binding distinct serotonin receptors which are classified into 7 groups. Salmonid exhibits expanded functional gene copies due to salmonid-specific whole genome duplication.

Effects of Dietary Zinc on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Antioxidant Status, and Immune Responses of Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for organisms involved in regulating various biological processes. This study evaluated the effects of dietary zinc on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant status, and immune responses of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Five experimental diets were formulated with graded levels of zinc (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg, respectively), and the actual dietary zinc values were 31.

Neurobehavioral disorders induced by environmental zinc in female zebrafish (Danio rerio): Insights from brain and intestine transcriptional and metabolic signatures.

Human activities can cause zinc (Zn) contamination of aquatic environments. Zn is an essential trace metal, but effects of environmentally relevant Zn exposure on the brain-intestine axis in fish are poorly understood. Here, six-month-old female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to environmentally relevant Zn concentrations for six weeks.

Changes in aggression and locomotor behaviors in response to zinc is accompanied by brain cell heterogeneity and metabolic and circadian dysregulation of the brain-liver axis.

Zinc is an essential nutrient for life, but over-accumulation can result in toxicity. Anthropogenic activities can increase zinc concentrations in aquatic environments (e.g.

Post-translational control of beige fat biogenesis by PRDM16 stabilization.

Compelling evidence shows that brown and beige adipose tissue are protective against metabolic diseases. PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) is a dominant activator of the biogenesis of beige adipocytes by forming a complex with transcriptional and epigenetic factors and is therefore an attractive target for improving metabolic health. However, a lack of knowledge surrounding the regulation of PRDM16 protein expression hampered us from selectively targeting this transcriptional pathway.

Crosstalk between Growth and Osmoregulation of GHRH-SST-GH-IGF Axis in Triploid Rainbow Trout ().

Smolting is an important development stage of salmonid, and an energy trade-off occurs between osmotic regulation and growth during smolting in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (GHRH-SST-GH-IGF) axis exhibit pleiotropic effects in regulating growth and osmotic adaptation. Due to salmonid specific genome duplication, increased paralogs are identified in the ghrh-sst-gh-igf axis, however, their physiology in modulating osmoregulation has yet to be investigated.

Transcriptional Signatures of Immune, Neural, and Endocrine Functions in the Brain and Kidney of Rainbow Trout () in Response to Infection.

Rainbow trout () serves as one of the most important commercial fish with an annual production of around 800,000 tonnes. However, infectious diseases, such as furunculosis caused by infection, results in great economic loss in trout culture. The brain and kidney are two important organs associated with "sickness behaviors" and immunomodulation in response to disease.

Identification and characterization of mkk genes and their expression profiles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) symptomatically or asymptomatically infected with Vibrio anguillarum.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) are intermediate kinases of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. MKKs are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MKKK) and then the activated MKKs trigger the activation of downstream MAPKs. MAPK signaling pathways play an important role in regulating immune functions including apoptosis and inflammation.

Neuropeptide Y and melanocortin receptors in fish: regulators of energy homeostasis.

Energy homeostasis, which refers to the physiological processes that the energy intake is exquisitely coordinated with energy expenditure, is critical for survival. Therefore, multiple and complex mechanisms have been involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The central melanocortin system plays an important role in modulating energy homeostasis.

Transcriptional Profiles of Genes Related to Stress and Immune Response in Rainbow Trout () Symptomatically or Asymptomatically Infected With .

Rainbow trout () is one of the most common aquaculture fish species worldwide. Vibriosis disease outbreaks cause significant setbacks to aquaculture. The stress and immune responses are bidirectionally modulated in response to the health challenges.

Identification and characterization of caspases genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their expression profiles after Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum infection.

Caspases are highly conserved cysteine-dependent aspartyl-specific proteases that play an important role in regulating cell death and inflammation. However, the caspase genes have not been systematically studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout experienced 4 rounds (4R) of genome duplication in the evolutionary history.

Biased signaling in naturally occurring mutations of G protein-coupled receptors associated with diverse human diseases.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in transmitting a variety of extracellular signals into the cells and regulate diverse physiological functions. Naturally occurring mutations that result in dysfunctions of GPCRs have been known as the causes of numerous diseases. Significant progresses have been made in elucidating the pathophysiology of diseases caused by mutations.

GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis regulates crosstalk between growth and immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Vibrio anguillarum.

An energy trade-off is existed between immunological competence and growth. The axis of growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis) regulates growth performances and immune competences in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The salmonid-specific whole genome duplication event is known to result in duplicated copies of several key genes in GHRH-SST-GH-IGF axis.

Environmental hypoxia causes growth retardation, osteoclast differentiation and calcium dyshomeostasis in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Hypoxia generally refers to a dissolved oxygen (DO) level that is less than 2-3 mg/L. With ongoing global warming and environment pollution, environmental or geological studies showed hypoxia frequently occurs in global aquatic systems including ocean, river, estuaries and coasts. A preliminary study was performed to evaluate hypoxia tolerant of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with parameters of mortality, behavior, endocrine and metabolite, identifying three DO levels including normoxia (Ctrl, 7.

Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Spotted Sea Bass, : Cloning, Tissue Distribution, Physiology, and Pharmacology.

Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays important roles in regulation of multiple physiological processes including energy homeostasis, reproduction, sexual function, and other functions in mammals. Recent studies suggested that teleost MC4Rs have different physiological functions and pharmacological characteristics when compared to mammalian MC4Rs. In this study, we investigated spotted sea bass () MC4R (MC4R) physiology and pharmacology.

Effects of long-term crowding stress on neuro-endocrine-immune network of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Low levels of stresses cause eustress while high stressful situations result in distress. Female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was reared under crowded conditions to mimic the stressful environment of intensive fishery production. Trout was stocked for 300 days with initial densities of 4.

Mutations in GPR101 as a potential cause of X-linked acrogigantism and acromegaly.

X-linked acrogigantism (XLAG) is a recently described early-onset gigantism due to GPR101 duplication that induces growth hormone (GH) oversecretion. GPR101, which belongs to Family A rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors, is predominantly expressed in hypothalamus and pituitary, suggesting that GPR101 might be important in regulating diverse functions such as energy balance and reproduction. Most mammalian GPR101s have extremely long third intracellular loops (ICL3); however, zebrafish GPR101 has a much shorter ICL3, but a longer C-terminus.