Effects of Coupled-/soluble-Copper, Generating from Copper-doped Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes on Cell Response.

Background: Endothelialization in vitro is a very common method for surface modification of cardiovascular materials. However, mature endothelial cells are not suitable because of the difficulty in obtaining and immunogenicity.

Methods: In this patent work, we determined the appropriate amount of copper by constructing a copper- loaded titanium dioxide nanotube array that can catalyze the release of nitric oxide, compared the effects of coupled-/soluble-copper on stem cells, and then induced stem cells to differentiate into endothelial cells.