The subgenus Sinephemera Kluge, 2004 in China (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae: Ephemera Linnaeus, 1758).

China has the greatest diversity of species within the genus Ephemera Linnaeus, 1758. However, there has been no systematic revision of these species in recent decades, particularly concerning their nymphs. This study describes and photographs 13 Chinese species from the subgenus Sinephemera Kluge, 2004, including five new ones (E.

The First Described Nymphs and Detailed Imagoes of the Species Navás Revealing a New Mayfly Genus from Eastern China (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae, Ecdyonurinae).

The nymph and detailed imaginal morphology of the Chinese mayfly have not been reported since it was named by Navás in 1933. Here based on newly collected nymphal and associated imaginal materials of this species from eastern China, we find both nymphs and adults have several extraordinary characters. In adults, forewings have less crossveins in costal and subcostal sections, others crossveins arranged into five regular rows; tibiae and tarsi of midlegs and hindlegs subequal in length; male compound eyes widely separated and penes simple and fused.

Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis of Heptageniid Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera): Conserved Intergenic Spacer and tRNA Gene Duplication.

Large intergenic spacers and tRNA gene duplications have been reported in several insect groups, although little is known about mitogenomes of mayflies. Here, we determined complete mitogenomes of ten heptageniid species and systemically analyzed their mitogenomic features. Both a conserved intergenic spacer (IGS) and duplication were detected in those mitogenomes.

TAK1 deficiency in dendritic cells inhibits adaptive immunity in SRBC-immunized C57BL/6 mice.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important in the initiation of primary T-cell responses, while transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a critical regulator of DC survival and homeostasis. This study evaluated the T-cell dependent antibody response (TDAR) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on a DC-specific TAK1-deficient mice model. The results showed that TAK1 deficiency in DCs significantly suppressed the humoral and cellular immune response in mice.

[Effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)athrancene on immune function in metallothionein gene-knocked-out mice].

Objective: To study the immunotoxicity induced by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzathrancene (DMBA) in metallothionein gene-knocked-out mice [MT(-/-)] as compared with that in wild-type mice [(MT(+/+)].

Methods: Female mice were treated with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of DMBA i.p.

[The effects of exposure to rare earth (NO3)3 on the immune function of mice off spring via milk].

Objective: To study the changes of immune function in mice offspring whose mothers were exposed to Rare Earth (RE)(NO(3))(3).

Methods: RE(NO(3))(3) was administered to mother mice after giving birth by gavage at dosages of 2, 20 and 200 mg/kg bw during breast-feeding period. The weights of spleen and thymus, the spleen plaque forming cells (PFC), the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and the charcoal clearance of the offspring were determined.