Brain structural changes underlying clinical symptom improvement following fast-acting treatments in treatment resistant depression.

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ketamine infusion (KI), and total sleep deprivation (TSD) are effective and fast in treating patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, it remains unclear whether the three treatments have the same effect on clinical symptom improvement and have common brain structural mechanisms.

Methods: The current study included 127 TRD patients and 37 healthy controls, which were obtained from the Perturbation of the Treatment Resistant Depression Connectome Project.

Enhanced diversity on connector hubs following sleep deprivation: Evidence from diffusion and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Sleep deprivation has been demonstrated to exert widespread and intricate impacts on the brain network. The human brain network is a modular network composed of interconnected nodes. This network consists of provincial hubs and connector hubs, with provincial hubs having diverse connectivities within their own modules, while connector hubs distribute their connectivities across different modules.

Sex differences of brain cortical structure in major depressive disorder.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) has different clinical presentations in males and females. However, the neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying these sex differences are not fully understood.

Objective: The purpose of present study was to explore the sex differences in brain cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) of MDD and the relationship between these differences and clinical manifestations in different gender.

Volume of the Dentate Gyrus/CA4 Hippocampal subfield mediates the interplay between sleep quality and depressive symptoms.

Background: Emerging evidence increasingly suggests that poor sleep quality is associated with depressive symptoms. The hippocampus might play a crucial role in the interplay between sleep disturbance and depressive symptomatology, e.g.

Electroencephalographic oscillations of alpha and beta rhythms during phrase-guessing procedure.

Phrases-guessing is one of the essential reasoning abilities in problem solving for human beings. However, it is still an open question about why individuals perform differently during the same reasoning task. In this study, we utilized a bilingual phrase-guessing task to explore the neural activities under the individually different performances with electroencephalography.

Enhanced rich club connectivity in mild or moderate depression after nonpharmacological treatment: A preliminary study.

Introduction: It has been suggested that the rich club organization in major depressive disorder (MDD) was altered. However, it remained unclear whether the rich club organization could be served as a biomarker that predicted the improvement of clinical symptoms in MDD.

Methods: The current study included 29 mild or moderate patients with MDD, who were grouped into a treatment group (receiving cognitive behavioral therapy or real-time fMRI feedback treatment) and a no-treatment group.

Neural Representation of Collective Self-esteem in Resting-state Functional Connectivity and its Validation in Task-dependent Modality.

Introduction: Collective self-esteem (CSE) is an important personality variable, defined as self-worth derived from membership in social groups. A study explored the neural basis of CSE using a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm; however, task-independent neural basis of CSE remains to be explored, and whether the CSE neural basis of resting-state fMRI is consistent with that of task-based fMRI is unclear.

Methods: We built support vector regression (SVR) models to predict CSE scores using topological metrics measured in the resting-state functional connectivity network (RSFC) as features.

Transcriptomic Similarity Informs Neuromorphic Deviations in Depression Biotypes.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is complicated by population heterogeneity, motivating the investigation of biotypes through imaging-derived phenotypes. However, neuromorphic heterogeneity in MDD remains unclear, and how the correlated gene expression (CGE) connectome constrains these neuromorphic anomalies in MDD biotypes has not yet been studied.

Methods: Here, we related cortical thickness deviations in MDD biotypes to a pattern of CGE connectome.

Stress and the brain: Emotional support mediates the association between myelination in the right supramarginal gyrus and perceived chronic stress.

Perceived stress, which refers to people's evaluation of a stressful event and their ability to cope with it, has emerged as a stable predictor for physical and mental health outcomes. Increasing evidence has suggested the buffering effect of social support on perceived stress. Although previous studies have investigated the brain structural features (e.

SPAMRI: A MATLAB Toolbox for Surface-Based Processing and Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has elicited increasing attention in morphological surface studies due to its stability and sensitivity to neurodegenerative processes, particularly in exploring brain aging and psychiatric disease. However, a user-friendly toolbox for the surface-based analysis of structural MRI is still lacking. On the basis of certain software functions in FreeSurfer, CAT and ANTs, a MATLAB toolbox called "surface-based processing and analysis of MRI" (SPAMRI) has been developed, which can be performed in Windows, Linux and Mac-OS.

Common and Specific Characteristics of Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Types I and II: A Combined Cortical Thickness and Structural Covariance Analysis.

Background: By calculating cortical thickness (CT) and cortical structural covariance (SC), we aimed to investigate cortical morphology and cortical inter-regional correlation alterations in adolescent bipolar disorder type I (BD-I) and type II (BD-II) patients.

Methods: T1-weighted images from 36 BD-I and 22 BD-II patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were processed to estimate CT. CT values of the whole brain were compared among three groups.

Use of machine learning in predicting the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on treating depression based on functional and structural thalamo-prefrontal connectivity: A pilot study.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive, safe, and efficacious treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the antidepressant efficacy of rTMS greatly varies across individual patients. Thus, markers that can be used to predict the outcome of rTMS treatment at the individual level must be identified.

Neural responses to rapidly selecting color names with different novelty.

It is well known that different names of color can lead to distinct attractions to people. To study the neural mechanism underlying this phenomenon, an implicit association test task was designed for color names, in which participants were required to select the possible meanings of a Greek phrase from two color names (in Chinese). The behavioral results showed that the participants were more likely to select novel names for long Greek phrases and dates names for short Greek phrases.

The Association between Body Mass Index and Intra-Cortical Myelin: Findings from the Human Connectome Project.

Intra-cortical myelin is a myelinated part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for the spread and synchronization of neuronal activity in the cortex. Recent animal studies have established a link between obesity and impaired oligodendrocyte maturation vis-à-vis cells that produce and maintain myelin; however, the association between obesity and intra-cortical myelination remains to be established. To investigate the effects of obesity on intra-cortical myelin in living humans, we employed a large, demographically well-characterized sample of healthy young adults drawn from the Human Connectome Project ( = 1066).

Subtyping Schizophrenia Patients Based on Patterns of Structural Brain Alterations.

Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome. Whether quantitative imaging biomarkers can identify discrete subgroups of patients as might be used to foster personalized medicine approaches for patient care remains unclear. Cross-sectional structural MR images of 163 never-treated first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) and 133 chronically ill patients with midcourse schizophrenia from the Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium and a total of 403 healthy controls were recruited.

Alteration of regional heterogeneity and functional connectivity for obese undergraduates: evidence from resting-state fMRI.

Obesity was found to be related with the changes of brain functions in human beings. There were several brain areas that were verified to be correlated with the obesity, including the parietal cortex, frontal cortex and so on. However, the cortical regions found from different studies were discrepant due to the different ages, gender distribution and satiation degree of participants.

Shared and specific patterns of structural and functional thalamo-frontal disturbances in manic and euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is clinically defined by alternating depressive and manic episodes with a separated period of euthymia. Thalamo-frontal loop plays vital role in psychotic symptoms, altered motor control and executive difficulties in BD. It remains unclear that structural and functional alterations of thalamo-frontal loop among the different mood states in BD, especially in pediatric BD(PBD).

Functional and Structural Connectivity Between the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Insula Could Predict the Antidepressant Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

Background: The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in depression is nonuniform across patients. This study aims to determine whether baseline neuroimaging characters can provide a pretreatment predictive effect for rTMS.

Methods: Twenty-seven treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) were enrolled and scanned with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging.

Age-related abnormalities of thalamic shape and dynamic functional connectivity after three hours of sleep restriction.

Background: Previous neuroimaging studies have detected abnormal activation and intrinsic functional connectivity of the thalamus after total sleep deprivation. However, very few studies have investigated age-related changes in the dynamic functional connectivity of the thalamus and the abnormalities in the thalamic shape following partial sleep deprivation.

Methods: Fifty-five participants consisting of 23 old adults (mean age: 68.

Correction: Age effect on gray matter volume changes after sleep restriction.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Reduced structural covariance connectivity of defaut mode network and salience network in MRI-normal focal epilepsy.

Neuroimaging studies have found altered functional connectivity of default mode network (DMN) and salience network (SN) in patients with focal epilepsy (FE). However, the structural basis underlying the functional connectivity disturbance in the patients is still unclear. Sixteen MRI-normal FE and 22 healthy controls were included in the current study.

Prediction on treatment improvement in depression with resting state connectivity: A coordinate-based meta-analysis.

Background: Previous neuroimaging studies revealed abnormal resting-state functional connectivity between distributed brain areas in patients with major depressive disorder. Those abnormalities were normalized after treatment. Moreover, the functional connectivity could predict clinical response to those treatments.

Self-Therapeutic Nanoparticle That Alters Tau Protein and Ameliorates Tauopathy Toward a Functional Nanomedicine to Tackle Alzheimer's.

Tauopathy is a complex disorder associated at the junction of several other pathologies. Intrinsically disordered tau protein remains therapeutically challenging due to its undruggable nature and is a possible reason for monumental failure of several tau-based therapies. Herein, nanogold remodeled tau is reported as a pseudo-nanochaperon and shows therapeutic benefit by passive targeting in transgenic tau P301L mutant mice.

Age effect on gray matter volume changes after sleep restriction.

Sleep deprivation disrupted functional and structural brain areas which are associated with cognition and emotion in healthy participants. However, the effect of age on the structural changes after sleep restriction remains unclear. In the current study, gray matter volume was calculated in 43 young adults and 37 old adults before and after sleep restriction.