Plasma metabolomic profile of adiposity and body composition in childhood: The Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth cohort.

Objective: This study identified metabolite modules associated with adiposity and body fat distribution in childhood using gold-standard measurements.

Methods: We used cross-sectional data from 329 children at mid-childhood (age 5.3 ± 0.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Longitudinal Analysis in the PROMISE Cohort.

Objectives: Although pre-clinical studies have shown a beneficial impact of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on adipose (AT) inflammation, the current literature from human studies is limited. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal associations of circulating levels of n-3 PUFAs with biomarkers of AT inflammation.

Methods: Longitudinal data from participants in the PROMISE cohort (n = 474) were used.

Urinary Vitamin D Binding Protein: A Marker of Kidney Tubular Dysfunction in Patients at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes.

Context: Recent studies have reported elevated urinary vitamin D binding protein (uVDBP) concentrations in patients with diabetic kidney disease, although the utility of uVDBP to predict deterioration of kidney function over time has not been examined.

Objective: Our objective was to assess the association of uVDBP with longitudinal changes in kidney function.

Methods: Adults at-risk for type 2 diabetes from the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) study had 3 assessments over 6 years (n = 727).

Precision stratification of prognostic risk factors associated with outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

Background: The objective of this systematic review is to identify prognostic factors among women and their offspring affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), focusing on endpoints of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) for women, and cardiometabolic profile for offspring.

Methods: This review included studies published in English language from January 1st, 1990, through September 30th, 2021, that focused on the above outcomes of interest with respect to sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and behavioral characteristics, traditional clinical traits, and 'omics biomarkers in the mothers and offspring during the perinatal/postpartum periods and across the lifecourse. Studies that did not report associations of prognostic factors with outcomes of interest among GDM-exposed women or children were excluded.

Olive oil consumption, plasma metabolites, and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Background: Olive oil consumption has been inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the impact of olive oil consumption on plasma metabolites remains poorly understood. This study aims to identify plasma metabolites related to total and specific types of olive oil consumption, and to assess the prospective associations of the identified multi-metabolite profiles with the risk of T2D and CVD.

Association of Serum Very-Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids With Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function: The Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) Cohort.

A unique group of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs), including arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0), have been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, although associations with early metabolic risk phenotypes preceding type 2 diabetes have received limited study. We aimed to examine the associations of VLCSFAs with longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in a cohort at risk for type 2 diabetes. VLCSFAs in the four main serum pools (phospholipid, triacylglycerol, cholesteryl ester, and nonesterified fatty acid) were extracted from fasting baseline samples (n = 467).

Association of circulating branched chain fatty acids with insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in the PROMISE cohort.

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are mainly saturated fatty acids with a methyl branch on the penultimate or antepenultimate carbon atom. While BCFAs are endogenously produced via the catabolism of branched chain amino acids, the primary exogenous source of BCFAs in the human body is via the diet, including dairy products. Recently, BCFAs have been identified as having a potentially protective role in the etiology of cardiometabolic disorders although current literature is limited.

Predictors and risk factors of short-term and long-term outcomes among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their offspring: Moving toward precision prognosis?

As part of the American Diabetes Association Precision Medicine in Diabetes Initiative (PMDI) - a partnership with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) - this systematic review is part of a comprehensive evidence evaluation in support of the 2 International Consensus Report on Precision Diabetes Medicine. Here, we sought to synthesize evidence from empirical research papers published through September 1 , 2021 to evaluate and identify prognostic conditions, risk factors, and biomarkers among women and children affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), focusing on clinical endpoints of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among women with a history of GDM; and adiposity and cardiometabolic profile among offspring exposed to GDM We identified a total of 107 observational studies and 12 randomized controlled trials testing the effect of pharmaceutical and/or lifestyle interventions. Broadly, current literature indicates that greater GDM severity, higher maternal body mass index, belonging to racial/ethnic minority group; and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors would predict a woman's risk of incident T2D and CVD, and an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile among offspring.

Lifestyle Factors Associated with Circulating Very Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids in Humans: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.

Recent observational studies have documented inverse associations of circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs), namely arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0), with cardiometabolic outcomes. In addition to their endogenous production, it has been suggested that dietary intake or an overall healthier lifestyle may influence VLCSFA concentrations; however, a systematic review of the modifiable lifestyle contributors to circulating VLCSFAs is lacking. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically assess the effects of diet, physical activity, and smoking on circulating VLCSFAs.

Association of branched chain fatty acids with cardiometabolic disorders in humans: a systematic review.

Context: Despite advances in treatments for cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, the increasing frequency of these conditions is of major clinical and public health concern. Therefore, primary prevention including diet and lifestyle approaches continues to play a key role in risk reduction. Meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies have documented inverse associations of dairy consumption with the incidence of different cardiometabolic disorders.

Metabolomic profile of combined healthy lifestyle behaviours in humans: A systematic review.

A combination of healthy lifestyle behaviours (i.e., regular physical activity, nutritious diet, no smoking, moderate alcohol, and healthy body mass) has been consistently associated with beneficial health outcomes including reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases.

Changes in adiposity mediate the associations of diet quality with insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function.

Background And Aims: To examine the mediating role of adiposity on the associations of diet quality with longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function.

Methods And Results: Adults at-risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the PROMISE cohort had 4 assessments over 9 years (n = 442). Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) scores were used to assess diet quality.

Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance Is Longitudinally Associated With Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Circulating Lipids, and Dysglycemia: The PROMISE Cohort.

Objective: To determine the association of adipose tissue insulin resistance with longitudinal changes in biomarkers of adipose tissue function, circulating lipids, and dysglycemia.

Research Design And Methods: Adults at risk for type 2 diabetes in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) cohort had up to four assessments over 9 years ( = 468). Adipose tissue insulin resistance was determined using a novel validated index, Adipo-IR, calculated as the product of fasting insulin and nonesterified fatty acids measured at baseline.

The association of soluble CD163, a novel biomarker of macrophage activation, with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its underlying physiological disorders: A systematic review.

This systematic review investigates the association of sCD163, a novel biomarker of macrophage activation, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction. Sixteen studies (seven cross-sectional, two case-control, one nested case-control, three prospective cohort, and three experimental) were identified. Most studies demonstrated that elevated sCD163 concentrations were associated with increased insulin resistance.

Association of Major Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars With Incident Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the role of other important food sources of fructose-containing sugars in the development of MetS remains unclear.

Objective: To examine the association of major food sources of fructose-containing sugars with incident MetS.

Determinants of longitudinal change in insulin clearance: the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation cohort.

Objective: To evaluate multiple determinants of the longitudinal change in insulin clearance (IC) in subjects at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Research Design And Methods: Adults (n=492) at risk for T2D in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation cohort, a longitudinal observational cohort, had four visits over 9 years. Values from oral glucose tolerance tests collected at each assessment were used to calculate the ratios of both fasting C peptide-to-insulin (IC) and areas under the curve of C peptide-to-insulin (IC).

The Macrophage Activation Marker Soluble CD163 is Longitudinally Associated With Insulin Sensitivity and β-cell Function.

Context: Chronic inflammation arising from adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) activation may be central in type 2 diabetes etiology. Our objective was to assess the longitudinal associations of soluble CD163 (sCD163), a novel biomarker of ATM activation, with insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and dysglycemia in high-risk subjects.

Methods: Adults at risk for type 2 diabetes in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) study had 3 assessments over 6 years (n = 408).

Changing Sodium Knowledge, Attitudes and Intended Behaviours Using Web-Based Dietary Assessment Tools: A Proof-Of-Concept Study.

Despite public health efforts to reduce dietary sodium, sodium intakes in most countries remains high. The purpose of this study was to determine if using novel web-based tools that provide tailored feedback, the Sodium Calculator and Sodium Calculator Plus, improves users' sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviours (KAB). In this single arm pre- and post-test study, 199 healthy adults aged 18-34 years completed a validated questionnaire to assess changes to sodium-related KAB before and after using the calculators.

Added sugars in kids' meals from chain restaurants.

Objective: To analyze the added sugars in kids' meals from Canadian chain restaurants in relation to the World Health Organization's proposed sugar recommendation (less than 5% of total daily calories should come from added sugars) and current recommendation (less than 10% of total daily calories should come from added sugars).

Methods: Total sugar levels were retrieved from the websites of 10 fast-food and 7 sit-down restaurants in 2010. The added sugar levels in 3178 kids' meals from Canadian chain restaurants were calculated in 2014 (in Toronto, Canada) by subtracting all naturally occurring sugars from the total sugar level.