Rapid Resistance Detection of to Fomesafen via Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP).

is a highly invasive annual broadleaf weed in soybean fields, significantly reducing soybean yield and quality. Diphenyl ether herbicides, particularly fomesafen, are extensively applied to control . Fomesafen resistance of is emerging in Northeast China, and rapid resistance detection is urgent for managing these resistant weeds.

Toxicity and Glutathione -Transferase-Catalyzed Metabolism of -/-Metolachlor in Rice.

Metolachlor, the chiral herbicide, inhibits the very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis; elucidating the enantioselectivity between - and -metolachlor in the toxicological difference will facilitate the understanding of the site of action. We found that the endogenous accumulation of C22 VLCFAs decreased in both -/-metolachlor -treated plants by 6, 12, and 24 h after treatment, with more significant reduction in the isomer group. Gene expression of glutathione -transferase members were obviously induced upon treatments with or isomer; both OsGSTU1 and OsGSTU4 can metabolize metolachlor effectively, with isomer as the preference by directly catalyzing the conjugation between -metolachlor and glutathione.

Low expression of auxin receptor EcAFB4 confers resistance to florpyrauxifen-benzyl in Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv is a monocotyledonous weed that seriously infests rice fields.

Mechanism of multiple resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, and isoproturon in Avena fatua L. from China.

Avena fatua L. is one of the most damaging and malignant weeds in wheat fields in China. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, and isoproturon, which belong to Acetyl-CoA carboxylase- (ACCase), acetolactate synthase- (ALS), and photosystem II- (PS II) inhibitors, respectively, are commonly used in wheat fields and have a long history of use on A.

Epigenetic Regulation of CYP72A385-Mediated Metabolic Resistance to Novel Auxin Herbicide Florpyrauxifen-benzyl in (L.) P. Beauv.

Weed's metabolic resistance to herbicides has undermined the sustainability of herbicides and global food security. Notably, we identified an (L.) P.

Tombusviruses Target a Major Crossroad in the Endocytic and Recycling Pathways via Co-opting Rab7 Small GTPase.

Positive-strand RNA viruses induce the biogenesis of unique membranous organelles called viral replication organelles (VROs), which perform virus replication in infected cells. Tombusviruses have been shown to rewire cellular trafficking and metabolic pathways, remodel host membranes, and recruit multiple host factors to support viral replication. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) usurp Rab7 small GTPase to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants.

Dynamic interplay between the co-opted Fis1 mitochondrial fission protein and membrane contact site proteins in supporting tombusvirus replication.

Plus-stranded RNA viruses have limited coding capacity and have to co-opt numerous pro-viral host factors to support their replication. Many of the co-opted host factors support the biogenesis of the viral replication compartments and the formation of viral replicase complexes on subverted subcellular membrane surfaces. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) exploits peroxisomal membranes, whereas the closely-related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) hijacks the outer membranes of mitochondria.

The retromer is co-opted to deliver lipid enzymes for the biogenesis of lipid-enriched tombusviral replication organelles.

Biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs) is critical for replication of positive-strand RNA viruses. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) hijack the retromer to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants. Depletion of retromer proteins, which are needed for biogenesis of endosomal tubular transport carriers, strongly inhibits the peroxisome-associated TBSV and the mitochondria-associated CIRV replication in yeast and In vitro reconstitution revealed the need for the retromer for the full activity of the viral replicase.

Key interplay between the co-opted sorting nexin-BAR proteins and PI3P phosphoinositide in the formation of the tombusvirus replicase.

Positive-strand RNA viruses replicate in host cells by forming large viral replication organelles, which harbor numerous membrane-bound viral replicase complexes (VRCs). In spite of its essential role in viral replication, the biogenesis of the VRCs is not fully understood. The authors identified critical roles of cellular membrane-shaping proteins and PI(3)P (phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate) phosphoinositide, a minor lipid with key functions in endosomal vesicle trafficking and autophagosome biogenesis, in VRC formation for tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV).

Developmentally regulated Arabidopsis thaliana susceptibility to tomato spotted wilt virus infection.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses and often causes severe crop losses worldwide. Generally, mature plants become more resistant to pathogens, known as adult plant resistance. In this study, we demonstrated a new phenomenon involving developmentally regulated susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to TSWV.

Rescue of tomato spotted wilt virus entirely from complementary DNA clones.

Negative-stranded/ambisense RNA viruses (NSVs) include not only dangerous pathogens of medical importance but also serious plant pathogens of agronomic importance. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most important plant NSVs, infecting more than 1,000 plant species, and poses major threats to global food security. The segmented negative-stranded/ambisense RNA genomes of TSWV, however, have been a major obstacle to molecular genetic manipulation.

Recruitment of Vps34 PI3K and enrichment of PI3P phosphoinositide in the viral replication compartment is crucial for replication of a positive-strand RNA virus.

Tombusviruses depend on subversions of multiple host factors and retarget cellular pathways to support viral replication. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely-related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) recruit the cellular Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) into the large viral replication compartment. The kinase function of Vps34 is critical for TBSV replication, suggesting that PI(3)P phosphoinositide is utilized by TBSV for building of the replication compartment.

Plasmodesmata targeting and intercellular trafficking of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus movement protein NSm is independent of its function in HR induction.

The movement protein NSm of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) plays pivotal roles in viral intercellular trafficking. Recently, the TSWV NSm was also identified as an avirulence (Avr) determinant during the Sw-5b-mediated hypersensitive response (HR). However, whether the cell-to-cell movement of NSm is coupled to its function in HR induction remains obscure.

The ER-Membrane Transport System Is Critical for Intercellular Trafficking of the NSm Movement Protein and Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus.

Plant viruses move through plasmodesmata to infect new cells. The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is interconnected among cells via the ER desmotubule in the plasmodesma across the cell wall, forming a continuous ER network throughout the entire plant. This ER continuity is unique to plants and has been postulated to serve as a platform for the intercellular trafficking of macromolecules.

Structure and function analysis of nucleocapsid protein of tomato spotted wilt virus interacting with RNA using homology modeling.

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) plays key roles in assembling genomic RNA into ribonucleoprotein (RNP), which serves as a template for both viral gene transcription and genome replication. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of how TSWV N interacts with genomic RNA. In this study, we demonstrated that TSWV N protein forms a range of higher ordered oligomers.

Nucleocapsid of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus forms mobile particles that traffic on an actin/endoplasmic reticulum network driven by myosin XI-K.

A number of viral proteins from plant viruses, other than movement proteins, have been shown to traffic intracellularly along actin filaments and to be involved in viral infection. However, there has been no report that a viral capsid protein may traffic within a cell by utilizing the actin/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. We used Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) as a model virus to study the cell biological properties of a nucleocapsid (N) protein.

The 2a protein of Cucumber mosaic virus induces a hypersensitive response in cowpea independently of its replicase activity.

Resistance in cowpea to infection with strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) involves a local hypersensitive response (HR), and previous studies indicated that the 2a replicase of CMV is involved in HR induction. In this study, we confirmed and extended this observation by demonstrating that the nonviral expression of the 2a protein encoded by CMV is able to induce a cell death response in cowpea plants, whereas no other CMV-encoded proteins elicits such response. The 2a single-amino acid mutant, F631Y, no longer induces the necrosis response, yet the A641S mutant still induces cell death.

Complete genome sequence of a tomato spotted wilt virus isolate from China and comparison to other TSWV isolates of different geographic origin.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is well established in most countries worldwide, while it is rarely reported in China. In this report, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a TSWV isolate named TSWV-YN infecting tomato in Yunnan province in southwestern China. The tripartite genome of TSWV-YN was found to consist of L, M and S RNAs of 8910, 4773 and 2970 nt, respectively.