[Activation of the adenosine A2A receptor at the acute stage of moderate traumatic brain injury enhances the neuroprotective effects of oxaloacetate].

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of glutamate scavenger oxaloacetate (OA) combined with CGS21680, an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonist, on acute traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to moderate-level TBI by controlled cortical impact, and then were treated with OA, CGS21680, or OA combined with CGS21680 at acute stage of TBI. At 24 h post TBI, neurological severity score, brain water content, glutamate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, mRNA level and activity of glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransferase (GOT), and ATP level of brain tissue were detected.

Overexpressed ski efficiently promotes neurorestoration, increases neuronal regeneration, and reduces astrogliosis after traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors suffer from long-term disability and neuropsychiatric sequelae due to irreparable brain tissue destruction. However, there are still few efficient therapies to promote neurorestoration in damaged brain tissue. This study aimed to investigate whether the pro-oncogenic gene ski can promote neurorestoration after TBI.

High glutamate concentration reverses the inhibitory effect of microglial adenosine 2A receptor on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation.

NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in the innate immune system. Our group previously reported that the microglial adenosine 2A receptor (AR) regulates canonical neuroinflammation, which is affected by the glutamate concentration. However, the regulatory effect of AR on NLRP3 inflammasome and the effects of glutamate concentration remain unknown.

HMGB1 mediates cognitive impairment caused by the NLRP3 inflammasome in the late stage of traumatic brain injury.

Background: Cognitive impairment in the late stage of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with the NOD-, LRR and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Although classical inflammatory pathways have been well-documented in the late stage of TBI (4-8 weeks post-injury), the mechanism by which the NLRP3 inflammasome impairs cognition is still unclear.

Methods: Mice lacking the gene encoding for NLRP3 (NLRP3-knockout mice) and their wild-type littermates were used in a controlled cortical impact model of TBI.

NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent Increases in High Mobility Group Box 1 Involved in the Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Tau-Overexpression.

Tau hyperphosphorylation is a characteristic alteration present in a range of neurological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and neurodegenerative diseases. Treatments targeting high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) induce neuroprotective effects in these neuropathologic conditions. However, little is known about the interactions between hyperphosphorylated tau and HMGB1 in neuroinflammation.

High levels of EphA3 expression are associated with high invasive capacity and poor overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Although EphA3 expression has been associated with progression or prognosis in several types of tumors, the role of EphA3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. This study sought to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of EphA3 expression in HCC as well as the underlying mechanisms responsible. EphA3 protein was mainly localized within the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane.

Gorham-Stout syndrome presenting in a 5-year-old girl with a successful bisphosphonate therapeutic effect.

Gorham-Stout syndrome (GSS), also known as Gorham-Stout disease, massive osteolysis, disappearing bone disease or phantom bone, is a rare disorder of the musculo-skeletal system. It most commonly involves the skull, shoulder and pelvic girdle. Histological examination reveals a progressive osteolysis always associated with an angiomatosis of blood vessels and sometimes of lymphatics, which seemingly is responsible for the destruction of the bone.

Nanoparticle catalysts with high energy surfaces and enhanced activity synthesized by electrochemical method.

Electrochemical shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystal (NC) catalysts bounded by high-index facets with high surface energy was achieved by developing a square-wave potential route. Tetrahexahedral Pt NCs with 24 {hk0} facets, concave hexoctahedral Pt NCs with 48 {hkl} facets, and multiple twinned Pt nanorods with {hk0} facets were produced. The method was employed also to synthesize successfully trapezohedral Pd NCs with 24 {hkk} facets, and concave hexoctahedral Pd NCs with 48 {hkl} facets.