Genetically predicted circulating immune cells and cytokines reveal the causal role of immune factors on female infertility: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.

Objectives: Previous studies suggested that immune factors may play critical roles in female infertility, but their causal links remain unclear. To address this gap, this study employs the Mendelian randomization (MR) to delineate the causal association between circulating immune factors and female infertility.

Methods: This study employed summary-level data from three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) encompassing 731 peripheral immune cell signatures, 41 circulating cytokines, and five female infertility phenotypes to reveal the causal relationship between immune factors and female infertility.

All-fiber wavelength-tunable Tm-doped fiber laser mode locked by SESAM with 120 nm tuning range.

We demonstrate an all-fiber widely wavelength-tunable thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) mode locked by a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM). The tuning range spans 121 nm, from 1862 nm to 1983 nm. The central wavelength is tuned by a grating-based tunable filter in the ring laser cavity.