[Role and Mechanism of Low Molecular-Weight-Organic Acids in Enhanced Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil].

Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly technology to remove heavy metals from polluted soil by using the physical and chemical roles of plants. This can effectively reduce the production of secondary pollutants and is economically feasible. Low molecular-weight-organic acids (LMWOAs) are biodegradable and environmentally friendly and have strong application potential in the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.

[Effect of Porous Fillers Properties on Biofilm Growth].

As an important part of biological aerated filters (BAFs), porous fillers are key to the effectiveness of BAF wastewater treatment. At present, there are many types of fillers, but the influence of the surface physical and chemical properties on biofilm formation is unclear, and how to compare and select the best biological filler remains a difficult problem in BAF engineering applications. In this study, the physical and chemical characteristics of several porous biological fillers that are commonly used in BAFs were studied, and the correlation between their physical/chemical properties and the biofilm attachment and enzyme activity of the biofilm on the filler was investigated.

The AVR2 Effector Escapes R2 Recognition Through Effector Disordering.

Intrinsic disorder is a common structural characteristic of proteins and a central player in the biochemical processes of species. However, the role of intrinsic disorder in the evolution of plant-pathogen interactions is rarely investigated. Here, we explored the role of intrinsic disorder in the development of the pathogenicity in the RXLR AVR2 effector of .

Evidence for intragenic recombination and selective sweep in an effector gene of .

Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a critical role in the antagonistic interaction between plant hosts and pathogens through their dual functions in regulating host immune systems and pathogen infection capability. In this study, evolution in effector genes was investigated through population genetic analysis of Avr3a sequences generated from 96 isolates collected from six locations representing a range of thermal variation and cropping systems in China. We found high genetic variation in the Avr3a gene resulting from diverse mechanisms extending beyond point mutations, frameshift, and defeated start and stop codons to intragenic recombination.

Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in Phytophthora infestans may attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates.

Knowledge of population dynamics of mating types is important for better understanding pathogen's evolutionary potential and sustainable management of natural and chemical resources such as host resistances and fungicides. In this study, 2250 Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled from 61 fields across China were assayed for spatiotemporal dynamics of mating type frequency. Self-fertile isolates dominated in ~50% of populations and all but one cropping region with an average frequency of 0.

[Effects of light quality on the growth characteristics and biochemical component of Chlorella pyrenoidosa].

Effect of light quality, including red light, blue light, white light, red and blue mixing light with ratios of 8: 1, 8:2 and 8 : 3, on the growth characteristics and biochenmical composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was investigated based on light emitting diode (LED). Results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa grew best under blue light, and the optical density, specific growth rate and biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was about 2.4, 0.

[Carbon metabolic characteristics of airborne microbes in Hangzhou].

Carbon metabolic characteristics in four sampling sites including Yan'an Road Business Street (YRBS), Tianmushan Jiaogong Cross Road (TJCR), Zhejiang Gongshang University Jiaogong Campus (ZJGSUJC) and Breeze-ruffled Lotus at Quyuan Garden (BLQG) in Hangzhou were analyzed using Biolog technology in this study. Results showed that average well color development (AWCD) values were at stationary phase after 240 h cultivation in all four selected sampling sites. Significant differences in sole carbon utilization characterized as AWCD value were found among the four sampling sites, and the highest carbon utilization capacity was observed at YRBS, followed by TJCR and ZJGSUJC, and the lowest at BLQG.

[Studies on the size distribution of airborne microbes at home in Beijing].

The effect of airborne microbes on human health not only depends on their compositions (genera and species), but also on their concentrations and sizes. Moreover, there are different mechanisms of airborne microbes of different sizes with different effects on human health. The size distributions and median diameters were investigated in detail with imitated six-stage Andersen sampler in 31 selected family homes with children in Beijing.

[Airborne fungal community composition in indoor environments in Beijing].

Indoor environmental quality has significant effects on human health. It is reported that adults in China spent about 80%-90% of their time in indoor environments, and a number of physically handicapped people such as the elderly and infants stayed in the room even up to 95% of their total time. Moreover, air conditioner in indoor environments becomes more and more important in modern life, and a closed circulatory system can be formed among human body, room and air conditioner in indoor environments with an air conditioner, which can make the microbes such as bacteria, viruses and mold indoors propagate rapidly or abundantly.

[Study on the Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation technology based on the excess sludge utilization].

Microalgae cultivation based on the waste water or other reused waste can not only make rational use of the waste, but also provide cheap materials for microalgae production. In the present study, Chlorella pyrenoidosa was used to develop a new way for microalgae cultivation based on the mix culture media with different ratio of sludge extracts and SE (selenite enrichment). Results showed that after 14 d cultivation under the same cultivating condition, the absorbency of C.

[Toxicity effects of Rac- and S-metolachlor on two algaes].

The enantioselective toxicity of the chiral herbicides Rac- and S-metolachlor to Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris was determined, and the effect of humic acid was studied by using acute toxicity testing method. The results indicated that the toxicity of Rac- and S-metolachlor increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. The EC(50, 96 h) ratio of Rac-metolachlor to S-metolachlor was 2.

[Effects of C/P on the competition between PAOs and GAOs and PHAs metabolism in EBPR system].

Based on accumulating enrich phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in activated sludge and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, the effects of C/P (25: 1, 20: 1, 15: 1 and 10: 1) on flora changes and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) metabolism in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system were systematically studied. The results show that after 10 days treatment (acetate as carbon source), the systems with C/P of 25: 1, 20: 1 and 15: 1 have good phosphate removal rate (> 88%); while for C/P of 10: 1 system, the phosphate removal rate was 0%. FISH results showed that the content of PAOs decreased from( 76.

[Cellulose degradation and ethanol production of different Clostridium strain].

Cellulose degradation and ethanol production of two types of cellulosic materials with different concentration were evaluated in batch system of mono-cultures of cellulolytic ethanol producing strains (Clostridium thermocellum strain LQRI and Clostridium thermocellum strain VPI), and co-cultures of LQRI or VPI in combination with one of the non-cellulolytic ethanol producing strains (Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus strains X514 or Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E). Results demonstrated that higher cellulose degradation abilities about 1.2 times were detected in LQRI mono-culture than in VPI mono-culture, while no significant difference of ethanol yields was found between the two mono-cultures.

[Enhanced role of the co-culture of thermophilic anaerobic bacteria on cellulosic ethanol].

Fermentation of the type of cellulosic materials to ethanol was evaluated in batch system of mono-cultures of cellulolytic ethanol producing strains (Clostridium thermocellum strain LQRI), and co-cultures of LQRI in combination with one of the non-cellulolytic ethanol producing strains (Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus strains X514 or Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E). Results showed that ethanol yields and cellulose degradation abilities were significantly improved by the establishment of co-cultures consisting of LQRI and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus partner. A factorial experimental comparison revealed that the co-culture of LQRI + X514 provided the higher ethanol yield than the co-culture of LQRI + 39E, but no significant difference on cellulose degradation by LQRI was found in these co-cultures.

[Utilization of different carbon sources types in biolog-GN microplates by soil microbial communities from four forest types].

Utilization of different carbon source type in Biolog-GN microplates by soil microbial communities under different forest restoration types was studied. The results shows that metabolic capacity of soil microbial commuinty under natural secondary forest are higher than those of three plantations. Carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and amino acids are the main carbon sources possessing higher utilization efficiency or utilization intensity.

[Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on growth and essential oil of Atractylodes lancea].

Objective: To study the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on cultivated Atractylodes lancea.

Method: Pot experiment of A. lancea, with (code as AM) or without (code as CK) Glomus mosseae (GM) was conducted 5 times respectively, then the biomass, essential oil, and soil nutrition, soil organism, soil microbial were detected after A.

[Community composition and dynamics of airborne bacteria in Beijing].

Airborne bacteria are important biological components of the aerosol. They have a close relation with human health. The much higher concentrations can result in kinds of microbial disease.

[Ecological distributions of airborne fungi in outdoor environments in Beijing, China].

An investigation on fungal types, concentrations, and their dynamic variation in outdoor environments was carried out in three different functional areas around one year in Beijing. Results show that the fungal concentrations varied widely and the average was (1164.8 +/- 73.

[Granularity distribution of airborne microbes in summer in Beijing].

A study on granularity distribution of airborne microbes was conducted in details in summer, and the fluctuation regular was analyzed in Beijing. Results show that the distribution characteristics which are not changed with the different functional regions and periods are very different among airborne bacteria, fungi and actinomycete. Airborne bacteria appear skew distribution, the particles larger than 2.