Evidence and causes of recent decreases in nitrogen deposition in temperate forests in Northeast China.

High reactive nitrogen (N) emissions due to anthropogenic activities in China have led to an increase in N deposition and ecosystem degradation. The Chinese government has strictly regulated reactive N emissions since 2010, however, determining whether N deposition has reduced requires long-term monitoring. Here, we report the patterns of N deposition at a rural forest site (Qingyuan) in northeastern China over the last decade.

Large Seasonal Variation in Nitrogen Isotopic Abundances of Ammonia Volatilized from a Cropland Ecosystem and Implications for Regional NH Source Partitioning.

Ammonia (NH) volatilization from agricultural lands is a main source of atmospheric reduced nitrogen species (NH). Accurately quantifying its contribution to regional atmospheric NH deposition is critical for controlling regional air nitrogen pollution. The stable nitrogen isotope composition (expressed by δN) is a promising indicator to trace atmospheric NH sources, presupposing a reliable nitrogen isotopic signature of NH emission sources.

Effects of long-term conservation tillage on N and NO emission rates and NO emission microbial pathways in Mollisols.

Conservation tillage is widely used in farmland management for soil carbon sequestration, but it can also lead to potential emissions of nitrous oxide (NO). Therefore, our study is aimed to investigate the effects of 15 years of no-tillage combined with four straw mulching levels of 0 % (NT0), 33 % (NT33), 67 % (NT67), and 100 % (NT100) compared to ridge tillage (RT) on the rates of NO and N emissions and the respective contributions of four microbial pathways to NO emissions. The incubation experiments were conducted at two different moisture levels (55 % and 100 % WFPS) by using dicyandiamide inhibition and N-labeling techniques.

Efficient Massive MIMO Detection for M-QAM Symbols.

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems significantly outperform small-scale MIMO systems in terms of data rate, making them an enabling technology for next-generation wireless systems. However, the increased number of antennas increases the computational difficulty of data detection, necessitating more efficient detection techniques. This paper presents a detector based on joint deregularized and box-constrained dichotomous coordinate descent (BOXDCD) with iterations for rectangular m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) symbols.

An improved accurate classification method for online education resources based on support vector machine (SVM): Algorithm and experiment.

In the face of surging online education around the globe, it seems quite necessary and helpful for learners and teachers to have the plethora of online resources well sorted out beforehand. To some extent, the efficiency and accuracy of resource search and retrieval may determine the quality and influence of online education. In this research, based on the methodological framework of design science, the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is chosen to optimise the design of an accurate resource classifier.

[Research progress on soil soluble organic nitrogen].

Soluble organic nitrogen (SON) and inorganic N are two crucial nitrogen (N) forms in the cycling of N within terrestrial ecosystems, acting as either a "source" or a "sink" to the environmental N release. The mineralization, retention, leaching, and plant absorption of N in terrestrial ecosystems are closely related to SON. As a result, the role of SON in soil material circulation and nutrient flow has attracted much attention and has become one of the hotspots in various research fields, such as ecology, environmental science, soil science, and hydrology.

[NO and N emission characteristics from maize and greenhouse vegetable soils in Northern China].

To explore NO and N emissions from upland soils after nitrogen fertilizer application, a 60-day aerobic incubation experiment (25 ℃,80% water-filled pore space) using the N tracing method was conducted to quantify the N transformation, NO and N emissions from maize soils from four sites (Harbin, Shenyang, Luancheng and Shouguang) and vegetable soils from two sites (Shen-yang and Shouguang), with urea being applied at 167 mg N·kg to simulate the field application rate of 200 kg N·hm. The results showed that for the four sites with maize soils, the cumulative emission of NO was in the order of Shouguang (20 mg N·kg) > Luancheng (14 mg N·kg) > Shenyang (5 mg N·kg) > Harbin (0.5 mg N·kg) and the cumulative N emission was in the order of Luancheng (176 mg N·kg) > Shenyang (106 mg N·kg) > Shouguang (75 mg N·kg) > Harbin (12 mg N·kg).

Interannual and seasonal variabilities in soil NO fluxes from a rainfed maize field in the Northeast China.

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in atmospheric chemistry and also is a precursor of nitrate, which affects particle matter formation and nitrogen deposition. Agricultural soil has been recognized as a main source of atmospheric NO. However, quantifying the NO fluxes emitted from croplands remains a challenge and in situ long-term measurements of NO are still limited.

Different quantification approaches for nitrogen use efficiency lead to divergent estimates with varying advantages.

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a key indicator with which to study nitrogen cycles and inform nitrogen management. However, different quantification approaches may result in substantially divergent NUE values even for the same production system or for the same experimental plot. Based on our investigation of the differences between and connections among the three principal approaches for NUE quantification, we offer recommendations for choosing the appropriate approach and call for long-term observations to assess the impacts of management practices.

The undefined N source might be overestimated by N tracer trials.

Based on data from previous N-tracer trials, Yan et al. (Global Change Biology, 26, 191-199; 2020) accounted the sources of cereal crop nitrogen (N) from fertilizer inputs (from both current and previous seasons) and possible uptake of nonfertilizer N inputs, leaving a significant part of N source undefined. We argue that the undefined N source does not reflect the net change in soil N stock and might be overestimated for three reasons: (a) higher yield in N tracer trials; (b) a low residue return rate is assumed; (c) underestimated contribution by fertilizer inputs from previous seasons due to the lack of long-term trials.

The Active Compounds and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Pentaherbs Formula for Oral and Topical Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Based on Network Pharmacology.

To examine the molecular targets and therapeutic mechanism of a clinically proven Chinese medicinal pentaherbs formula (PHF) in atopic dermatitis (AD), we analyzed the active compounds and core targets, performed network and molecular docking analysis, and investigated interacting pathways. Information on compounds in PHF was obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, and target prediction was performed using the Drugbank database. AD-related genes were gathered using the GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) databases.

Regulating nitrate excess in lettuce-planted greenhouse soil with available carbon addition through irrigation.

Nitrate excess is common in greenhouse soils, imposing environmental risks and degrading vegetable quality. In this study, the effectiveness of adding sucrose as available carbon through irrigation to cut nitrate excess in lettuce-planted soil was investigated under impacts of soil texture and irrigation type. In the pot experiment using two loam soils of same origin with different clay to sand ratios (50.

The fate of fertilizer nitrogen in a high nitrate accumulated agricultural soil.

Well-acclimatized nitrifiers in high-nitrate agricultural soils can quickly nitrify NH4(+) into NO3(-) subject to leaching and denitrifying loss. A 120-day incubation experiment was conducted using a greenhouse soil to explore the fates of applied fertilizer N entering into seven soil N pools and to examine if green manure (as ryegrass) co-application can increase immobilization of the applied N into relatively stable N pools and thereby reduce NO3(-) accumulation and loss. We found that 87-92% of the applied (15)N-labelled NH4(+) was rapidly recovered as NO3(-) since day 3 and only 2-4% as microbial biomass and soil organic matter (SOM), while ryegrass co-application significantly decreased its recovery as NO3(-) but enhanced its recovery as SOM (17%) at the end of incubation.

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: a clinicopathological study of its association with gallbladder carcinoma.

Objectives: To determine the distribution of macrophages (MΦ) in both xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) and to analyze the association between XGC and GBC.

Methods: From January 2009 to June 2011, 110 patients with gallbladder diseases, including 35 with GBC, 45 with XGC and 30 with chronic cholecystitis (CC), were enrolled. Immunohistochemistry stain and real-time polymerase chain reaction using oncogenes (BCL-2, c-Myc) and anti-oncogene genes (p53, p21) were performed, serum expressions of tumor marker (CA19-9, CA724 and CA242) were also conducted.

[Change characteristics of soil available nitrogen and phosphorus and heavy metal contents after long-term cultivation of vegetables].

Soil samples were collected from three vegetable fields under different years of cultivation in Changsha suburbs of Hunan Province, South-central China to study the accumulation characteristics, risks, and sources of soil available nitrogen and phosphorus and heavy metals in the fields. With the increasing year of vegetable cultivation, the soil NO3(-)-N, Olsen-P, and heavy metals contents in the fields increased significantly. The average contents of soil NO3(-)-N, Olsen-P, and Cd in the vegetable fields having been cultivated for 1-2 years in Ningxiang County, 10-15 years in Changsha County, and 30 years in Kaifu District were 21.

Evaluation of two modified ECF regimens in the treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer.

Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease and it is associated with a poor clinical outcome and survival. A standard therapy for it has not been established yet. The aim of this study is to evaluate efficacy and safety of two modified ECF regimens in advanced gallbladder cancer patients.

The mechanisms of somatostatin induced enhanced chemosensitivity of gallbladder cancer cell line to doxorubicin: cell cycle modulation plus target enzyme up-regulation.

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma is known to be an aggressive malignancy and nonsensitive to routine chemotherapy. Its prognosis is quite poor. We have illustrated that somatostatin (SST) can enhance chemosensitivity of gallbladder cancer to Doxorubicin (DOX) in our precious studies.

Analysis of the clinicopathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients.

The peak age of onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is continually increasing worldwide. This study aims to evaluate whether there exists any significant difference in the clinicopathological features between younger- and elderly-HCC.1082 Consecutive patients with HCC who underwent liver resection at Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from 1995 to 1998 were studied.

HER2-targeted therapy reduces incidence and progression of midlife mammary tumors in female murine mammary tumor virus huHER2-transgenic mice.

Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of early and prolonged mu4D5 (the murine form of trastuzumab/Herceptin) treatment in transgenic mice that overexpress human HER2 (huHER2), under the murine mammary tumor virus promoter, as a model of huHER2-overexpressing breast cancer.

Experimental Design: Mice were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups and received i.p.

Study on the charge-transfer reaction between 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane and drugs.

The charge-transfer (CT) reaction between 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as a pi-electron acceptor and cinnarizine, analgin, norfloxacin as electron donors have been studied by spectrophotometric method. The charge transfer complexes between TCNQ and these drugs have stable blue color, therefore a simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method for determination of these drugs has been developed. The optimization of the experimental conditions is described.