Morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene cattle management in northeastern China.

The domestication of cattle is generally accepted to have taken place in two independent centres: around 10,500 years ago in the Near East, giving rise to modern taurine cattle, and two millennia later in southern Asia, giving rise to zebu cattle. Here we provide firmly dated morphological and genetic evidence for early Holocene management of taurine cattle in northeastern China. We describe conjoining mandibles from this region that show evidence of oral stereotypy, dated to the early Holocene by two independent ¹⁴C dates.

An improved hollow fiber solvent-stir bar microextraction for the preconcentration of anabolic steroids in biological matrix with determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

In this paper, a convenient and self-assembled hollow fiber solvent-stir bar microextraction (HF-SSBME) device was developed, which could stir by itself. In the extraction process, the proposed device made the solvent "bar" not floating at the sample solution and exposing to air while organic solvents outside hollow fiber always wrapped with donor phase solvent, which reduced the vaporization of organic solvents. This design could improve the precisions and recoveries of experiments.

Novel multifunctional acceptor phase additive of water-miscible ionic liquid in hollow-fiber protected liquid phase microextraction.

In this paper, water-miscible ionic liquid (IL) such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) is introduced for the first time as a novel multifunctional acceptor phase additive in hollow-fiber protected liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME). For investigating the performances of [BMIM]Cl, it was respectively mixed with NaOH, HCl and deionized water. And their extraction performance was preliminary evaluated with alkaline compounds (clenbuterol, metoprolol, carteolol and propranolol), acidic compounds (diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol, phenol and bisphenol A) and neutral compounds (acenaphthylene, fluorene and fluoranthene).

Analysis of beta-agonists and beta-blockers in urine using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A method using hollow fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was established for the analysis of beta-agonists and beta-blockers in urine. Because it can simultaneously extract and derivatize compounds of interest by methylbenzol and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) in HF-LPME, the approach overcomes the drawbacks of considerable time-consuming and tedious operation, meanwhile improves enrichment multiple. The optimized conditions were extraction for 20 min at 35 degrees C with 5.

A method by homemade OH/TSO-PMHS fibre solid-phase microextraction coupling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of antiestrogens in biological matrices.

A kind of homemade solid-phase microextraction fibre coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for trace analysis of antiestrogens (tamoxifen, cis- and trans-clomiphene) in biological matrices. In this method, derivatization was unnecessary and sample solution could be injected directly after very simple deproteinization operation. The conditions of influencing adsorption of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre and desorption of the analytes were investigated in details.