The H protein of attenuated canine distemper virus is degraded via endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation.

Canine distemper (CD) caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a highly contagious and acutely febrile disease in various animals around the world. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is an important biological effect induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) for the degradation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER of cells. CDV H glycoprotein is translocated into the ER for post-translational modifications.

Development of a monoclonal antibody recognizing novel linear neutralizing epitope on H protein of canine distemper virus vaccine strains (America-1 genotype).

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an economically important virus responsible for canine distemper (CD), a highly contagious disease that afflicts various animal species worldwide. The hemagglutinin (H) protein is the major neutralizing target of virus. Therefore, it is often considered as immunogen to prepare neutralizing antibodies.

Host E3 ligase Hrd1 ubiquitinates and degrades H protein of canine distemper virus to inhibit viral replication.

Canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious and an acutely febrile disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), which greatly threatens the dog and fur industry in many countries. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is a protein quality control system for the degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER. In this study, a proteomic approach was performed, and results found the E3 ubiquitin ligase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1), which is involved in ERAD, as one of the CDV H-interacting proteins.

Structure and function of a novel lineage-specific neutralizing epitope on H protein of canine distemper virus.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects many sensitive species worldwide and its host range is expanding. The hemagglutinin (H) protein, the major neutralizing target, binds to cellular receptors and subsequently triggers fusion for initial viral infection. So it's necessary to clarify the precise neutralizing epitopes of H protein and extend the knowledge of mechanisms of virus neutralization.

Hsp70 Inhibits the Replication of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 by Suppressing Viral Hexon with the Assistance of DnaJC7.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infection results in serious hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in broilers, which has caused great economic losses to the poultry industry; however, the specific host responses to FAdV-4 remain unknown. In this study, we identified 141 high-confidence protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the main viral proteins (Hexon, Fiber 1, Fiber 2, and Penton bases) and host proteins via a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. We found that heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), the protein with the highest score, and its cofactor DnaJ heat shock protein 40 family member C7 (DnaJC7) could negatively regulate the replication of FAdV-4.

First complete genome sequence of Asia-4 lineage of canine distemper virus in China.

We previously reported a novel Asia-4 lineage of canine distemper virus (CDV) in China based on the H gene. In the present study, a Chinese CDV NJ(11)2 strain of the Asia-4 lineage from Nanjing, China was isolated and its whole genome sequence was obtained. The CDV NJ(11)2 strain clustered with the Thai strains of the Asia-4 lineage in the phylogenetic tree of the complete genome.

Cellular hnRNPAB interacts with avian influenza viral protein PB2 and inhibits virus replication potentially by restricting PB2 mRNA nuclear export and PB2 protein level.

The PB2 protein of avian influenza virus (AIV) is essential for transcription and replication of virus genome. In this study, we reported that chicken heterogenous nuclear riboncleoprotein AB (hnRNPAB) cooperated with avian influenza viral protein PB2 and inhibited the polymerase activity and virus replication. We found that hnRNPAB was associated with PB2 mRNA and overexpression of hnRNPAB reduced PB2 mRNA nuclear export and PB2 protein level, but had no influence on PB2 mRNA level.

Molecular epidemiology and genetic evolution of canine parvovirus in East China, during 2018-2020.

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in the late 1970s, which caused high rates of morbidity and mortality in dogs. In last decade, five genetic variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c, New CPV-2a, and New CPV-2b) were frequently reported in the dog population, and replaced the original CPV-2, rising widespread concerns. However, little is known about their recent genetic diversity and evolution.

Development and application of a novel triplex protein microarray method for rapid detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus.

Avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) inflict immense damage on the global poultry industry annually. Serological diagnostic methods are fundamental for the effective control and prevention of outbreaks caused by these viruses. In this study, a novel triplex protein microarray assay was developed and validated for the rapid and simultaneous visualized detection of antibodies against AIV, NDV, and IBV in chicken sera.

Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of potential infectious bursal disease virus VP3-interacting proteins in chicken embryo fibroblasts cells.

The structural protein VP3 of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) plays a critical role in viral assembly, replication, immune escape, and anti-apoptosis. Interaction between VP3 and host protein factors can affect stages in the viral replication cycle. In this study, 137 host proteins interacting with VP3 protein were screened through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics approach.

SRSF10 inhibits the polymerase activity and replication of avian influenza virus by regulating the alternative splicing of chicken ANP32A.

Compared with mammalian ANP32A, most avian-coded ANP32A contains a 33 amino acids insertion (ch-ANP32A-33) or a 29 amino acids insertion (ch-ANP32A-29), which can rescue the mammalian-restricted avian influenza virus polymerase activity, with ch-ANP32A-33 exhibiting a more potent phenotype. The alternative splicing of 3' splice sites (SSs) of chicken ANP32A intron 4 generates full-length ch-ANP32A-33 and truncated ch-ANP32A-29. In this study, we found a splicing regulatory cis-element that affected the alternative splicing of 3' SSs by block-scanning mutagenesis.

Insights into species-specific regulation of ANP32A on the mammalian-restricted influenza virus polymerase activity.

The ANP32A is responsible for mammalian-restricted influenza virus polymerase activity. However, the mechanism of ANP32A modulation of polymerase activity remains poorly understood. Here, we report that chicken ANP32A (chANP32A) -X1 and -X2 stimulated mammalian-restricted PB2 627E polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner.

Identification of antigenic epitopes in the haemagglutinin protein of H7 avian influenza virus.

The H7 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has been reported to infect not only poultry but also humans. The haemagglutinin (HA) protein is the major surface antigen of AIV and plays an important role in viral infection. In this study, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, 2F8, 3F6, 5C11, 5E2 and 5C12) against the HA protein of H7 virus were produced and characterized.

Development of oligonucleotide microarray for accurate and simultaneous detection of avian respiratory viral diseases.

Background: Avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are important avian pathogens that can cause enormous economic loss on the poultry industry. Different respiratory etiological agents may induce similar clinical signs that make differential diagnosis difficult. Importantly, AIV brings about severe threat to human public health.

Novel protein microarray for the detection of avian influenza virus antibodies and simultaneous distinction of antibodies against H5 and H7 subtypes.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cause serious zoonotic disease, thereby threatening the poultry industry and human health. An efficient and rapid detection approach is crucial to prevent and control the spread of avian influenza. In this study, a novel protein microarray was developed.

Novel protein chip for the detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus.

Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) caused by the IB virus (IBV) can cause acute damage to chickens around the world. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and immune status determination are critical for controlling IBV outbreaks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been widely used in the detection of IBV antibodies in the early infection and continuous infection of IB because they are more sensitive and quicker than other diagnostic methods.

Development and application of a triplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5, H7 and H9.

Avian influenza virus (AIV), especially subtypes H5, H7 and H9, has contributed to enormous economic losses and poses a potential pandemic threat to global human public health. Early screening of suspected cases is key to controlling the spread of AIVs. In this study, an accurate, rapid, and triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of AIV subtypes H5, H7 and H9.

Development of CDV-specific monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of variable epitopes of nucleocapsid protein.

The highly contagious canine distemper viruses (CDVs) are still a major threat to a wide range of natural susceptible hosts. The nucleocapsid (N) protein plays various roles in the virus-induced immune response. But precise mapping of epitopes and antigenic variations in N protein of CDV are still scant.

gga-miR-2127 downregulates the translation of chicken p53 and attenuates chp53-mediated innate immune response against IBDV infection.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is characterized by the immune suppression of infected birds. The molecular mechanism by which IBD virus (IBDV) suppresses the host immune system remains to be elucidated. The tumor suppressor protein p53 can inhibit the replication of various viruses, but its effect on IBDV remains unknown.

Immunogenicity of adenovirus-derived porcine parvovirus-like particles displaying B and T cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines combine many of the advantages of whole-virus vaccines and recombinant subunit vaccines, integrating key features that underlay their immunogenicity, safety and protective potential. We have hypothesized here the effective insertion of the VP1 epitopes (three amino acid residues 21-40, 141-160 and 200-213 in VP1, designated VPe) of foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV) within the external loops of PPV VP2 could be carried out without altering assembly based on structural and antigenic data. To investigate the possibility, development of two recombinant adenovirus rAd-PPV:VP2-FMDV:VPe a or rAd-PPV:VP2-FMDV:VPe b were expressed in HEK-293 cells.

Development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus hemagglutinin protein.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a serious multisystemic disease in dogs and other carnivora. Hemagglutinin (H) protein-specific antibodies are mainly responsible for protective immunity against CDV infection. In the present study, six neutralizing MAbs to the H protein of CDV were newly obtained and characterized by immunizing BALB/c mice with a recent Chinese field isolate.

Phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in domestic dogs in Nanjing, China.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a broad range of carnivores, including wild and domestic Canidae. The hemagglutinin gene, which encodes the attachment protein that determines viral tropism, has been widely used to determine the relationship between CDV strains of different lineages circulating worldwide. We determined the full-length H gene sequences of seven CDV field strains detected in domestic dogs in Nanjing, China.

Overexpression of microRNA gga-miR-21 in chicken fibroblasts suppresses replication of infectious bursal disease virus through inhibiting VP1 translation.

Previously we have identified a series of cellular miRNA molecules up- or down-regulated in infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infected chicken embryo fibroblasts and Bursa of Fabricius with gene microarray analysis. Here we studied in detail a relatively well studied miRNA, gga-miR-21, for better understanding miRNAs involvement in IBDV-host interactions. Chicken pri-gga-miRNA-21 and a control miRNA Caenorhabditis elegans pri-cel-lin-4 gene were cloned into a lentiviral vector, respectively.