A voltage-controlled current source for temporal interference stimulation: Analysis, design, and study.

The temporal interference stimulation is a new technique to modulate brain activity by applying multiple channels of voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) simultaneously to the receptor surface. In this paper, the envelopes of the overlapped current waves at several areas of the receptor were analyzed and discussed with different circuit structures of VCCS. A complementary differential current source (CDCS) was designed to fit the best circuit topology based on the analysis of the enhanced Howland current source structure.

Novel Non-invasive Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease.

Conventional transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive method to modulate brain activity and has been extensively used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite promising prospects, the efficacy of conventional tES in PD treatment is highly variable across different studies. Therefore, many have tried to optimize tES for an improved therapeutic efficacy by developing novel tES intervention strategies.

Ultrathin NiS/Ni(OH) Nanosheets Filled within Ammonium Polyacrylate-Functionalized Polypyrrole Nanotubes as an Unique Nanoconfined System for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors.

Ultrathin two-dimensional NiS/Ni(OH) nanosheets (NiS/Ni(OH) NSs) were successfully filled within the hollow interiors of ammonium polyacrylate-functionalized polypyrrole nanotubes (NHPA/PPyNTs) by a simple solvothermal method. This kind of novel hierarchical nanostructures with typical structural features of a nanoconfined system, denoted by NiS/Ni(OH)/NHPA/PPyNTs, were prepared by two main sections: polyacrylic acid (PAA) was first polymerized on PPyNTs containing vinyl groups, and the obtained PAA/PPyNTs exhibited a typical Janus structure, whose external surface was covered with carboxyl groups and the internal surface was still covered with PPy chains; second, Ni ions as a precursor were facilely combined with -NH- segments in PPy chains by the coordination interaction under the solvothermal environment; therefore, NiS/Ni(OH) NSs (<1 nm) were well distributed on the internal surface of NHPA/PPyNTs by the in situ growth. Because of the synergistic effects of ionizable NHPA, PPy with good conductivity, NiS and Ni(OH) with electrocatalytical activity, as well as the nanoconfinement effect, the obtained NiS/Ni(OH)@NHPA/PPyNTs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for detecting glucose.