The effects of smoking, regular drinking, and unhealthy weight on health care utilization in China.

Background: Preventive risk factors such as smoking, drinking, and unhealthy weight have contributed to the accelerated rise in noncommunicable chronic diseases, which are dominant drivers of health care utilization and spending in China. However, few studies have been conducted using a large longitudinal dataset to explore the impact of such preventive risk factors on health care utilization. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain the effects of smoking, regular drinking, and unhealthy weight on health care utilization in China.

Enhancing stability and resilience of electromethanogenesis system by acclimating biocathode with intermittent step-up voltage.

Electromethanogenesis (EMG) system could efficiently convert CO to CH by using excess renewable electricity. However, the fluctuation and interruption of renewable electricity will adversely affect the biocathode and therefore the CH production of the EMG system. In this work, a novel biocathode acclimation strategy with intermittent step-up voltage (ISUV) was proposed to improve the stability and resilience of the EMG system against the unstable input of renewable power.

The impact of smoking on annual healthcare cost: an econometric model analysis in China, 2015.

Background: Smoking exerts substantial medical burdens on society. Precise estimation of the smoking-attributable medical expenditures (SAME) helps to inform tobacco control policy makers. Based on the epidemiological approach, prior studies in China only focused on a few smoking-related diseases to estimate SAME.

Does smoking impact trust in physicians and satisfaction with the health system in China?

Introduction: Trust and satisfaction play vital roles in how smokers react to smoking cessation treatment delivered by physicians. This paper aims to ascertain whether smoking status and pack-years of smoking affect trust in physicians and satisfaction with the health system in China.

Methods: The current study used the ordered probit model to evaluate how smoking status affects trust in physicians and satisfaction with the health system in China.

A novel electrochemical oxidation-methanogenesis system for simultaneously degrading antibiotics and reducing CO to CH with low energy costs.

A novel electrochemical oxidation-methanogenesis (EO-M) system was proposed for the first time to simultaneously achieve antibiotic degradation and a bioelectrochemical conversion of CO to CH with low energy costs. A dual-chamber system was installed with an antimony-doped tin oxide anode (Ti/SnO-Sb) for the electrocatalytic generation of hydroxyl radicals to degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP), and a CO-reducing methanogenic biocathode was enriched based on a three-dimensional (3D) graphitized granular activated carbon (GGAC) for microbial electromethanogenesis. The anode achieved removal efficiencies as high as 99.

Impact of smoking on the income level of Chinese urban residents: a two-wave follow-up of the China Family Panel Study.

Objectives: This study attempts to analyse the impact of smoking on the income level of Chinese urban residents to provide a reference for creating informed regulations on cigarette smoking.

Design: A population-based cohort study.

Method: Two waves of panel data in 2014 and 2016 from the China Family Panel Study were used.

Catastrophic health expenditure: A comparative analysis of smoking and non-smoking households in China.

Introduction: Smoking is hazardous to health and places a heavy economic burden on individuals and their families. Clearly, smoking in China is prevalent since China is the largest consumer of tobacco in the world. Chinese smoking and nonsmoking households were compared in terms of the incidence and intensity of Catastrophic Health Expenditures (CHEs).

Facile sealing treatment with stannous citrate complex to enhance performance of electrodeposited Ti/SnO-Sb electrode.

Ti/SnO-Sb is a promising anode for electrochemical advanced oxidation process with advantages of low cost and no secondary pollution, while suffers from low work economy due to the short service life. In this study, a facile strategy was proposed to fabricate Ti/SnO-Sb electrode with high oxidation ability and long service life based on novelly sealing electrodeposited Sn-Sb coating with stannous citrate complex. The treated Ti/SnO-Sb electrode exhibited an accelerated service life of 41.

High electrochemical activity of a Ti/SnO-Sb electrode electrodeposited using deep eutectic solvent.

Electrodeposition is an economical and efficient way to prepare Ti/SnO-Sb electrode for electrochemical oxidizing pollutants in wastewater. The solvent used for electrodeposition has a great effect on electrode performance. The conventional Ti/SnO-Sb electrode electrodeposited using aqueous solvent has poor electrochemical activity and short service life.

Enhancement of the denitrification activity by exoelectrogens in single-chamber air cathode microbial fuel cells.

Single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can efficiently treat wastewater containing nitrate, probably because the interaction between exoelectrogens and denitrifying bacteria may enhance the denitrification activity of MFCs. In this study, the denitrification of nitrate with a wide range of concentrations was investigated by using single-chamber air cathode MFCs. The maximum average denitrification rate of the MFCs inoculated and operated under closed-circuit conditions (Group N-CC) was up to 12.

Economic Burden for Lung Cancer Survivors in Urban China.

Background: With the rapid increase in the incidence and mortality of lung cancer, a growing number of lung cancer patients and their families are faced with a tremendous economic burden because of the high cost of treatment in China. This study was conducted to estimate the economic burden and patient responsibility of lung cancer patients and the impact of this burden on family income.

Methods: This study uses data from a retrospective questionnaire survey conducted in 10 communities in urban China and includes 195 surviving lung cancer patients diagnosed over the previous five years.

A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Nonsmoking Pregnant Women in Sichuan Province, China.

Introduction: Nonsmoking pregnant women in China have significant exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Few interventions have focused on pregnant women reducing their SHS exposure.

Methods: This clustered randomized controlled trial, conducted at eight hospitals in Sichuan, China, compared a prenatal health education intervention with usual clinical care as a control.

The healthcare costs of secondhand smoke exposure in rural China.

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the healthcare costs attributable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smoking adults (age ≥ 19) in rural China.

Methods: We analysed data from the 2011 National Rural Household Survey which was conducted among adults in five provinces and one municipality in China (N=12,397). Respondents reported their smoking status, health conditions and healthcare expenditures.

Determinants of smoking-induced deprivation in China.

Objective: Spending on cigarettes may deprive households of other items like food. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of and factors associated with this smoking-induced deprivation among adult smokers in China.

Methods: The data came from Waves 1-3 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey, conducted from 2006 to 2009 among urban adults aged 18 years or older in China.

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in China: barriers, challenges and recommendations.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the barriers in the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in China and present recommendations on ways to address these challenges in tobacco control in China.

Methods: We review the available literature on progress and explore the barriers and challenges that impede a speedier pace in the adoption of the effective tobacco control measures, and present recommendations based on in-depth knowledge of decision-making process on the implementation of FCTC in China.

Results: The pace of progress in China is too slow.

Who purchases cigarettes from cheaper sources in China? Findings from the ITC China Survey.

Objective: The availability of cigarettes from cheaper sources constitutes a major challenge to public health throughout the world, including China, because it may counteract price-based tobacco control policies. The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with purchasing cigarettes from cheaper sources among adult smokers in China.

Methods: Data were analysed from Waves 1 to 3 of the International Tobacco Control China Survey conducted in 2006-2009 among adult smokers in six cities in China (N=7980).

Public vs private administration of rural health insurance schemes: a comparative study in Zhejiang of China.

Since 2003, China has experimented in some of the country's counties with the private administration of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), a publicly subsidized health insurance scheme for rural populations. Our study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of private vs public administration in four counties in one of China's most affluent provinces in the initial stage of the NCMS's implementation. The study was undertaken in Ningbo city of Zhejiang province.

Secondhand smoke exposure at home in rural China.

Purpose: This study estimated secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home among nonsmoking children (age 0-18) and adults (age ≥ 19) in rural China, and examined associated socio-demographic factors.

Methods: A total of 5,442 nonsmokers (including 1,456 children and 3,986 adults) living in six rural areas in China were interviewed in person. The standardized questionnaire obtained information on their demographic characteristics and SHS exposure at home.

Economic costs attributable to smoking in China: update and an 8-year comparison, 2000-2008.

Objective: To estimate the health-related economic costs attributable to smoking in China for persons aged 35 and older in 2003 and in 2008 and to compare these costs with the respective results from 2000.

Methods: A prevalence-based, disease-specific approach was used to estimate smoking-attributable direct and indirect economic costs. The primary data source was the 2003 and 2008 China National Health Services Survey, which contains individual participant's smoking status, healthcare use and expenditures.

Exposure to secondhand smoke and associated factors among non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands in Sichuan province, China.

Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure harms pregnant women and the fetus. China has the world's largest number of smokers and a high male smoking prevalence rate.

Objective: To compare exposure to SHS among rural and urban Chinese non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands, and analyze factors associated with the level of SHS exposure and hair nicotine concentration.

The role of taxation in tobacco control and its potential economic impact in China.

Objectives: To identify key economic issues involved in raising the tobacco tax and to recommend possible options for tobacco tax reform in China.

Methods: Estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes, prevalence data and epidemiology are used to estimate the impact of a tobacco tax increase on cigarette consumption, government tax revenue, lives saved, employment and revenue loss in the cigarette industry and tobacco farming.

Results: The recent Chinese tax adjustment, if passed along to the retail price, would reduce the number of smokers by 630,000 saving 210,000 lives, at a price elasticity of -0.

Recent tobacco tax rate adjustment and its potential impact on tobacco control in China.

Objectives: To compare the new tobacco tax structure effective from May 2009 with the tax structure before May 2009 and to analyse its potential impact.

Methods: Published government statistics and estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes are used to estimate the impact of the new tax rate adjustment on cigarette consumption and population health.

Results: The new adjustment increased the tax rate by 11.

Potential unintended consequences of smoke-free policies in public places on pregnant women in China.

Background: Smoke-free policies in public places have become more common in China. Little is known, however, about the potential unintended consequences of such policies on pregnant women.

Methods: The study was conducted in 2006 in Chengdu, China.

Smoking knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and associated factors among Chinese male surgeons.

Background: The purpose of this study was to understand and assess the smoking knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and associated factors among Chinese male surgeons.

Methods: A total of 823 Chinese male surgeons from six cities in China participated in a survey of smoking knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in 2004. This study presents descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses of factors associated with the respondents' smoking behavior and smoking cessation activity.