Azelaic Acid: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications.

AZA is a non-phenolic, saturated dicarboxylic acid with nine carbon atoms, naturally produced by the yeast Malassezia. It has diverse physiological activities, including antibacterial, anti-keratinizing, antimelanogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. AZA is widely used in dermatology and is FDA-approved for treating papulopustular rosacea.

Lactic Acid Chemical Peeling in Skin Disorders.

Lactic acid is the most widely occurring natural organic acid in nature. It not only exhibits mild and safe properties but also possesses multiple physiological activities, such as antibacterial effects, immune regulation, and promotion of wound healing, making it one of the most popular chemical peeling agents. Chemical peels are commonly used in the field of aesthetic dermatology as a non-invasive therapeutic approach.

Human lip vermilion: Physiology and age-related changes.

Background: The human lip vermilion, also known as the red lip, is important to the quality of life and has long attracted the attention of cosmetic researchers. However, there is limited existing literature on the physiological characteristics and age-related alterations in the human vermilion.

Objective: We aim to provide an overview of the physiological characteristics and age-related alterations in the human vermilion.