Screening of ApDOT1.9 interacting proteins and the potential function of interactor ApSNARE in the rapid growth regulation of Alexandrium pacificum.

Alexandrium pacificum is a toxic dinoflagellate resulting in harmful algal blooms (HABs). ApDOT1.9 is a methyltransferase involved in the rapid growth regulation of A.

Analysis of Hyperosmotic Tolerance Mechanisms in Based on Weighted Co-Expression Network Analysis.

We conducted transcriptome sequencing on salt-tolerant mutants X5 and X3, and a control (Ctr) strain of after treatment with artificial seawater at varying salinities (30‱, 45‱, and 60‱) for 3 weeks. Differentially expressed genes were identified and a weighted co-expression network analysis was conducted. The blue, red, and tan modules were most closely associated with salinity, while the black, cyan, light cyan, and yellow modules showed a close correlation with strain attributes.

Macropinocytosis in (Rhodophyta).

Macropinocytosis is an endocytic process that plays an important role in animal development and disease occurrence but until now has been rarely reported in organisms with cell walls. We investigated the properties of endocytosis in a red alga, . The cells non-selectively internalized extracellular fluid into large-scale endocytic vesicles (1.

Identification, characterization and expression profiles of E2 and E3 gene superfamilies during the development of tetrasporophytes in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta).

E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in the growth and development of plants and animals. To date, the systematic analysis of E2 and E3 genes in Rhodophyta is limited. In this study, 14 E2 genes and 51 E3 genes were identified in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, an economically important red alga.

H3K79 methylation promotes rapid growth of Alexandrium pacificum under high light intensity via increased photosynthesis.

Alexandrium pacificum is one of the main species responsible for harmful algal blooms, posing serious threats to coastal ecosystems, economies, and public health. Light intensity is an important abiotic factor affecting the occurrence of red tides. In a certain range, increasing light intensity can promote the rapid growth of A.

The H3K79 methylase DOT1, unreported in photosynthetic plants, exists in Alexandrium pacificum and participates in its growth regulation.

Alexandrium pacificum is one of the typical toxic dinoflagellate species leading to harmful algal blooms (HABs). Histone modifications play key roles in many cellular events, but little is known about the mechanism of regulating A. pacificum growth.

Single-cell transcriptome sequencing revealing the difference in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism between epidermal cells and non-epidermal cells of (Rhodophyta).

The allocation of photoassimilates is considered as a key factor for determining plant productivity. The difference in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism between source and sink cells provide the driven force for photoassimilates' allocation. However, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism of different cells and the carbon allocation between these cells have not been elucidated in .

Breeding of New Strains of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis with High Agar Content by ARTP Mutagenesis and High Osmotic Pressure Screening.

ARTP (atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis) mutagenesis was tried on G. lemaneiformis, and mutagenesis conditions were confirmed. An osmotic pressure screening program was established.

Identification of epigenetic histone modifications and analysis of histone lysine methyltransferases in Alexandrium pacificum.

Alexandrium pacificum is a toxic dinoflagellate that can cause harmful algal blooms (HABs). The molecular mechanisms of HABs are still poorly understood, especially at the epigenetics level. Organism growth and metabolic processes are affected by histone modifications, an important mode of epigenetic regulation.

Ploidy Identification by Flow Cytometry and Application of the Method to Characterize Seasonal Ploidy Variation of Wild Populations of the Red Alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis.

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gp. lemaneiformis) is an economically important alga. At present, there is no way to quickly and easily determine its ploidy and life cycle dynamics in wild populations, which affects the process of genetic breeding.

Calmodulin and Its Interactive Proteins Participate in Regulating the Explosive Growth of (Dinoflagellate).

is a typical dinoflagellate that can cause harmful algal blooms, resulting in negative impacts on ecology and human health. The calcium (Ca) signal transduction pathway plays an important role in cell proliferation. Calmodulin (CaM) and CaM-related proteins are the main cellular Ca sensors, and can act as an intermediate in the Ca signal transduction pathway.

Estimating the ploidy of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis at both the cellular and genomic level.

The determination of the ploidy level of an organism is a prerequisite for studies of evolution, cellular function, and genomic construction. Identification of the ploidy of the economically important red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis has been hindered by its small genome and large number of chromosomes. Therefore, in the current study, PloidyNGS, a tool that calculates the number of reads supporting different alleles at each position along the genome sequence, and fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with tyramide signal amplification (TSA-FISH) were used to clarify the ploidy of G.

Heterozygous Single Nucleotide Polymorphic Loci in Haploid Gametophytes of (Rhodophyta).

is an important commercial macroalga. Whole-genome resequencing was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in parental gametophytes and 60 F gametophytes of in this study, and 9,989 SNPs located in nonrepetitive sequences were obtained. Among these SNPs, 92.

Detection, characterization and expression dynamics of histone proteins in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum during growth regulation.

Histones are the most abundant proteins associated with eukaryotic nuclear DNA. The exception is dinoflagellates, which have histone protein expression that is mostly reported to be below detectable levels. In this study, we investigated the presence of histone proteins and their functions in the dinoflagellate, Alexandrium pacificum.

Distinctive Nuclear Features of Dinoflagellates with A Particular Focus on Histone and Histone-Replacement Proteins.

Dinoflagellates are important eukaryotic microorganisms that play critical roles as producers and grazers, and cause harmful algal blooms. The unusual nuclei of dinoflagellates "dinokaryon" have led researchers to investigate their enigmatic nuclear features. Their nuclei are unusual in terms of their permanently condensed nucleosome-less chromatin, immense genome, low protein to DNA ratio, guanine-cytosine rich methylated DNA, and unique mitosis process.

Antihypertensive Effects of Two Novel Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptides from (Rhodophyta) in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs).

A variety of biologically active products have been isolated from . In the present study, two novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides, FQIN [M(O)] CILR, and TGAPCR, were screened and identified from protein hydrolysates by LC-MS/MS. The IC50 values of FQIN [M(O)] CILR and TGAPCR were 9.

Molecular Cloning, Transcriptome Profiling, and Characterization of Histone Genes in the Dinoflagellate .

The nucleosomal organization of chromatin using histone proteins is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic nuclei, with the major exception of dinoflagellates. Although a number of recent genomic and transcriptomic analyses have detected numerous histone genes in dinoflagellates, little is known about their expression. Here in, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of histone genes under nutritional stress, and an attempt was made to detect histone expression at the protein level in .

Quantitative analysis of dinoflagellates and diatoms community via Miseq sequencing of actin gene and v9 region of 18S rDNA.

Miseq sequencing and data analysis for the actin gene and v9 region of 18S rDNA of 7 simulated samples consisting of different mixture of dinoflagellates and diatoms were carried out. Not all the species were detectable in all the 18S v9 samples, and sequence percent in all the v9 samples were not consistent with the corresponding cell percent which may suggest that 18S rDNA copy number in different cells of these species differed greatly which result in the large deviation of the amplification. And 18S rDNA amplification of the microalgae was prone to be contaminated by fungus.

The complete chloroplast genome of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) gives new insight into the evolution of family Gracilariaceae.

The complete chloroplast genome of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis was recovered from a Next Generation Sequencing data set. Without quadripartite structure, this chloroplast genome (183,013 bp, 27.40% GC content) contains 202 protein-coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 1 tmRNA gene.

Effects of sodium bicarbonate concentration on growth, photosynthesis, and carbonic anhydrase activity of macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Gracilaria chouae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta).

There is potential for bicarbonate to improve crop yields and economic efficiency of marine algae. However, few studies have focused on the effect of bicarbonate on the growth, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity associated with carbon utilization, especially in commercial macroalgae. Here, the addition of bicarbonate (up to 420 mg L(-1)) to macroalgal cultures has been evaluated for Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Gracilaria chouae with respect to growth rate, photosynthetic activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, and biochemical composition.

Identification of microRNAs in the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella by High-Throughput Illumina Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis.

Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a large group of endogenous, tiny, non-coding RNAs consisting of 19-25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level by mediating gene silencing in eukaryotes. They are considered to be important regulators that affect growth, development, and response to various stresses in plants. Alexandrium catenella is an important marine toxic phytoplankton species that can cause harmful algal blooms (HABs).

Comparison of potential diatom 'barcode' genes (the 18S rRNA gene and ITS, COI, rbcL) and their effectiveness in discriminating and determining species taxonomy in the Bacillariophyta.

Diatoms form an enormous group of photoautotrophic micro-eukaryotes and play a crucial role in marine ecology. In this study, we evaluated typical genes to determine whether they were effective at different levels of diatom clustering analysis to assess the potential of these regions for barcoding taxa. Our test genes included nuclear rRNA genes (the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene and the 5.

Subclinical highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection among vaccinated chickens, China.

Subclinical infection of vaccinated chickens with a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) virus was identified through routine surveillance in China. Investigation suggested that the virus has evolved into multiple genotypes. To better control transmission of the virus, we recommend a strengthened program of education, biosecurity, rapid diagnostics, surveillance, and elimination of infected poultry.