Effects of Positive and Negative Expectations on Human Pain Perception Engage Separate But Interrelated and Dependently Regulated Cerebral Mechanisms.

Expectations substantially influence pain perception, but the relationship between positive and negative expectations remains unclear. Recent evidence indicates that the integration between pain-related expectations and prediction errors is crucial for pain perception, which suggests that aversive prediction error-associated regions, such as the anterior insular cortex (aIC) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), may play a pivotal role in expectation-induced pain modulation and help to delineate the relationship between positive and negative expectations. In a stimulus expectancy paradigm combining fMRI in healthy volunteers of both sexes, we found that, although positive and negative expectations respectively engaged the right aIC and right rACC to modulate pain, their associated activations and pain rating changes were significantly correlated.

3D simulation of morphological effect on reflectance of Si3N4 sub-wavelength structures for silicon solar cells.

In this study, we investigate the reflectance property of the cylinder, right circular cone, and square pyramid shapes of silicon nitride (Si3N4) subwavelength structure (SWS) with respect to different designing parameters. In terms of three critical factors, the reflectance for physical characteristics of wavelength dependence, the reflected power density for real power reflection applied on solar cell, and the normalized reflectance (reflected power density/incident power density) for real reflectance applied on solar cell, a full three-dimensional finite element simulation is performed and discussed for the aforementioned three morphologies. The result of this study shows that the pyramid shape of SWS possesses the best reflectance property in the optical region from 400 to 1000 nm which is useful for silicon solar cell applications.

Tris(2,2'-bioxazoline-kappa2N,N')copper(II) diperchlorate and tris(2,2'-bioxazoline-kappa2N,N')nickel(II) diperchlorate.

In the two isomorphous title compounds, viz. tris[2,2'-bi(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole)-kappa(2)N,N']copper(II) diperchlorate, [Cu(C6H8N2O2)3](ClO4)2, (I), and tris[2,2'-bi(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole)-kappa2N,N']nickel(II) diperchlorate, [Ni(C6H8N2O2)3](ClO4)2, (II), the MII ions each have a distorted octahedral coordination geometry formed via six N atoms from three 2,2'-bioxazoline ligands. For each ligand, the two five-membered rings are nearly coplanar.