Leptin attenuates the osteogenic induction potential of BMP9 by increasing β-catenin malonylation modification via Sirt5 down-regulation.

BMP9 has demonstrated significant osteogenic potential. In this study, we investigated the effect of Leptin on BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation. Firstly, we found Leptin was decreased during BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation and serum Leptin concentrations were increased in the ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Neuronal CRMP2 phosphorylation inhibition by the flavonoid, naringenin, contributes to the reversal of spinal sensitization and arthritic pain improvement.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis patients usually suffer from arthritic chronic pain. However, due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying autoimmune disorders, the management of arthritic pain is unsatisfactory. Here, we investigated the analgesic effect and underlying mechanism of the natural flavonoid naringenin (NAR) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) pain.

Efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.

Objective: This study aims to determine the efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: We searched Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases until July 27, 2022.

Inconsistent Time-Dependent Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine on Primary Neurological Disorders and Psychiatric Comorbidities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the time dependent effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP, main activity compound of Hort) on two neurological disorders and their neuropsychiatric comorbidities. 6 Hz corneal rapid kindling was used to induce epileptogenesis and the inflammatory pain was induced by intra-articular Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection. The mechanical pain thresholds were measured using von Frey hair (D4, D11, D18, D25 after CFA first injection), and the vertical rearings of the mice was observed.

A meta-analysis of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibody treatment for COVID-19 patients.

Objective: This meta-analysis aims to assess the efficacy and safety of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies on COVID-19.

Methods: Relevant literatures about GM-CSF antibody treatment in COVID-19 patients were searched from the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Google scholar, and Baiduscholar databases from the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2019 until 1 January 2021. The primary outcomes included the death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission risk, ventilation requirement, and secondary infection.

Comparative efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide in the induction treatment of lupus nephritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Lupus nephritis (LN) remains a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE. Here we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the induction treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and cyclophosphamide (CYC) for LN.

Methods: Relevant literature was searched by computer from the establishment of the database to November 2019.

Correction to: Gender difference in acquired seizure susceptibility in adult rats after early complex febrile seizures.

In the original publication of the article, the representative EEG of female rat pups with FS in Figure 1 C and D was incorrectly intercepted from that of male rat pups. This correction does not affect the conclusions of the paper. Figure 1 has been corrected on the online PDF version and displayed below.

Interleukin-1 receptor is a target for adjunctive control of diazepam-refractory status epilepticus in mice.

Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) may accumulate in the brain during status epilepticus, but whether it contributes to the progressive refractoriness of SE remains unclear. By using a kainic acid-induced SE mice model, we tested whether pharmacological blockade or knock-out of interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) could influence the diazepam-refractory phenomenon of prolonged SE. We confirmed diazepam failed to terminate prolonged SE (allowed to continue for 40min before diazepam administration).

[Antiepileptic effect of low frequency stimulation in kindling rats].

Objective: To investigate the antiepileptic effects of various stimulation modes of low-frequency stimulation(LFS) on the kindling rats.

Methods: Stimulating electrodes were implanted in the amygdala and current with constant intensity was applied to evoke kindling-induced seizures. The antiepileptic effect of LFS by open loop stimulation(before kindling), closed loop stimulation(immediately after kindling) and different forms of closed loop stimulation(whole stage after kindling and early stage after kindling) were investigated in amygdala kindled rats.

[Antiepileptic effect of low-frequency electrical stimulation is waveform-dependent in hippocampal kindled mice].

Objective: To investigate whether the waveform of electrical stimulus affects the antiepileptic effect of focal low-frequency stimulation (LFS).

Methods: The antiepileptic effects of the LFS in sine, monophase square and biphase square waves were investigated in hippocampal kindled mice, respectively.

Results: Compared to the control group, sine wave focal LFS (30 s) inhibited seizure stages (2.

The Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-1β is a Key Regulatory Factor for the Postictal Suppression in Mice.

Aims: The postictal suppression (PS) is a common and important period following an epileptic seizure but has not been well studied. This study was designed to determine whether interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is involved in the PS.

Methods: The effects of IL-1β on the PS were tested in three independent seizure models induced by hippocampal kindling, maximal electroshock seizure (MES), and 4-aminopyridine, respectively.

Early hypoactivity of hippocampal rhythms during epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizures in freely-moving rats.

Prospective and experimental studies have shown that individuals with early-life complex/prolonged febrile seizures (FSs) have a high incidence of temporal lobe epilepsy during adulthood, revealing a close relationship between FSs and epilepsy. However, little is known about how epileptogenesis develops after FSs. The present study was designed to investigate acquired seizure susceptibility and analyze local field potentials during the latent period after FSs.

Gender difference in acquired seizure susceptibility in adult rats after early complex febrile seizures.

Gender differences are involved in many neurological disorders including epilepsy. However, little is known about the effect of gender difference on the risk of epilepsy in adults with a specific early pathological state such as complex febrile seizures (FSs) in infancy. Here we used a well-established complex FS model in rats and showed that: (1) the susceptibility to seizures induced by hyperthermia, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), and maximal electroshock (MES) was similar in male and female rat pups, while males were more susceptible to PTZ- and MES-induced seizures than age-matched females in normal adult rats; (2) adult rats with complex FSs in infancy acquired higher seizure susceptibility than normal rats; importantly, female FS rats were more susceptible to PTZ and MES than male FS rats; and (3) the protein expression of interleukin-1β, an inflammatory factor associated with seizure susceptibility, was higher in adult FS females than in males, which may reflect a gender-difference phenomenon of seizure susceptibility.

Dysfunction of thermoregulation contributes to the generation of hyperthermia-induced seizures.

Febrile seizures (FS) are generally defined as seizures taking place during fever. Long-term prognosis, including development of epilepsy and malformation of cognitive function, has been demonstrated after infantile FS. However, the mechanism that triggers seizures in hyperthermic environment is still unclear.

A Transient Upregulation of Glutamine Synthetase in the Dentate Gyrus Is Involved in Epileptogenesis Induced by Amygdala Kindling in the Rat.

Reduction of glutamine synthetase (GS) function is closely related to established epilepsy, but little is known regarding its role in epileptogenesis. The present study aimed to elucidate the functional changes of GS in the brain and its involvement in epileptogenesis using the amygdala kindling model of epilepsy induced by daily electrical stimulation of basolateral amygdala in rats. Both expression and activity of GS in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus (DG) were upregulated when kindled seizures progressed to stage 4.

Lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 1 interacts with and inhibits cystathionine β-synthase: a target for neuronal antioxidant defense.

The finding that eukaryotic lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 1 (LanCL1) is a glutathione-binding protein prompted us to investigate the potential relationship between LanCL1 and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). CBS is a trans-sulfuration enzyme critical for the reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis and GSH-dependent defense against oxidative stress. In this study we found that LanCL1 bound to CBS in mouse cortex and HEK293 cells.

Wide therapeutic time-window of low-frequency stimulation at the subiculum for temporal lobe epilepsy treatment in rats.

Low-frequency stimulation (LFS) has been considered as an option for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. However, previous data showed that LFS of certain brain regions only exerts its effect within a very narrow therapeutic time window, which lasts from seconds to tens of seconds, thus restricting its clinical application. The present study was designed to determine whether there exists a target with a wider therapeutic window for LFS treatment.

Neuregulin 1 regulates excitability of fast-spiking neurons through Kv1.1 and acts in epilepsy.

Dysfunction of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-positive (FS-PV) interneurons is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. ErbB4, a key Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) receptor, is mainly expressed in this type of interneurons, and recent studies suggest that parvalbumin interneurons are a major target of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in adult brain. Thus, we hypothesized that downregulation of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in FS-PV interneurons is involved in epilepsy.

Relative contribution of small and large intestine to deglycosylation and absorption of flavonoids from Chrysanthemun morifolium extract.

The flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) is an established part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Luteolin and apigenin flavonoids are the effective components of the CM extract (CME); however, they exist in the orally consumed CME as glycosides. The present study was carried out to determine the relative contribution of the small and large intestine to the deglycosylation and absorption of flavonoids from CME using a rat model system.

Therapeutic time window of low-frequency stimulation at entorhinal cortex for amygdaloid-kindling seizures in rats.

The present study was designed to determine whether low-frequency stimulation (LFS) of the entorhinal cortex(EC) has an anticonvulsive effect, and whether LFS delivered at different times plays different roles. We found that LFS of the EC immediately or 4 s after kindling stimulation had an anticonvulsive effect, and that the latter had a better effect on both kindling and kindled seizures. However, LFS delivered after the cessation of afterdischarge or 10 s after the kindling stimulation, augmented the epileptic activity.