Carbon dioxide emissions, urbanization level, and industrial structure: empirical evidence from North China.

This paper aims to examine the nexus among carbon dioxide (CO) emissions, urbanization level and industrial structure in North China over the period 2004-2019, according to an expanded Cobb-Douglas production function. The panel econometric techniques are employed to complete the empirical analysis, including cross-sectional correlation test, panel unit root test, panel co-integration test, and panel Granger causality test. The empirical results support the long-term equilibrium relationship among CO emissions, urbanization level and industrial structure in North China, and the urbanization level contributes most to CO emissions, followed by fossil energy consumption.