Strategy for enhanced soil lead passivation and mitigating lead toxicity to plants by biochar-based microbial agents.

In the study, bone char (BC) backed biochemical composite coupling with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (CFB-P) was prepared to explore the passivation performance of lead (Pb) in soil and the mitigation effect on plant growth under Pb stress by measuring change of soil Pb speciation, plant growth parameters and physiological and biochemical indexes. After 30 d of remediation, addition of 1 % CFB-P could effectively reduce 55.43 % of Pb labile fractions and converted them into Fe-Mn oxide and residual forms.