Redefining Debt-to-Health, a triple-win health financing instrument in global health.

Background: As a recognized win-win-win approach to international debt relief, Debt-to-Health(D2H)has successfully translated debt repayments into investments in health-related projects. Although D2H has experienced modifications and periodic suspension, it has been playing an increasingly important role in resource mobilization in public health, particularly for low-and middle-income countries deep in debt.

Main Text: D2H, as a practical health financing instrument, is not fully evidenced and gauged by academic literature though.

Rethinking international financing for health to better respond to future pandemics.

International financing for health has been high on the political and global health agenda since COVID-19. The recent launch of the Pandemic Fund represents the first consolidated effort of the international community to mobilise additional voluntary financial resources for the purpose of strengthening global efforts in pandemic prevention, preparedness and response (PPR). Against such a dynamic landscape, building on recent critiques and new policy proposals, we propose a new generation of more equitable, effective and coordinated financing arrangements for pandemic PPR and for global health and development more broadly: lessons that could be applied in the ongoing endeavour of the Pandemic Fund.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: how countries should build more resilient health systems for preparedness and response.

Objective: A resilient health system plays a crucial role in pandemic preparedness and response. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has required all states parties to strengthen core capacities to respond to public health emergencies under the (2005), the actions of most countries to combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has showed that they are not well-prepared. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the health system resilience of selected countries and analyze their strategies and measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Association of healthy lifestyle with cognitive function among Chinese older adults.

Background/objectives: Dietary patterns and daily life habits have been reported to be associated with cognitive function in European populations. We aimed to examine the associations of dietary patterns and daily life habits with cognitive function among Chinese old people.

Subjects/methods: We used 2011-2014 longitudinal data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) comprising 5716 participants with an average age of 82 years.

High-purity foam-like micron-sized gold cage material with tunable plasmon properties.

Herein, by growing mono dispersed gold nanoparticles (MNPAu) on the surface of polystyrene (PS)/nanogold (Au) core-shell composites (PS@Au), we successfully synthesized a micron-sized gold cage (2.6-10.7 μm), referred to as PS@Au@MNPAu for the first time.

Theoretical development and experimental validation on the measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure.

A systematic investigation on the theoretical framework of the ultra-fast measurement of temperature by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) applied in laser-driven-compression experiments has been carried out and a new temperature measurement scheme based on the EXAFS cumulant expansion analysis and anharmonic correlated Debye model has been advanced. By considering the anharmonic effect of thermal vibration and avoiding the employment of the empirical model as well as parameters which have large inherent uncertainties in the temperature determination, this new scheme is theoretically more accurate than traditional ones. Then the performance of the new measurement scheme and traditional methods were validated on a synchrotron radiation platform by temperature-dependent EXAFS (TDEXAFS) experiments on Au, Fe, V and Ti; the results showed that the new scheme could provide the most accurate measured temperatures with much lower uncertainties.

First Octahedral Spherical Hohlraum Energetics Experiment at the SGIII Laser Facility.

The first octahedral spherical hohlraum energetics experiment is accomplished at the SGIII laser facility. For the first time, the 32 laser beams are injected into the octahedral spherical hohlraum through six laser entrance holes. Two techniques are used to diagnose the radiation field of the octahedral spherical hohlraum in order to obtain comprehensive experimental data.

Development of Thomson scattering system on Shenguang-III prototype laser facility.

A Thomson scattering diagnostic system, using a 263 nm laser as the probe beam, is designed and implemented on Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. The probe beam is provided by an additional beam line completed recently. The diagnostic system allows simultaneous measurements of both ion feature and red-shifted electron feature from plasmas in a high-temperature (≥2 keV) and high-density (≥10(21) cm(-3)) regime.

Quantum molecular dynamics study of warm dense iron.

The equation of state, the self-diffusion coefficient and viscosity of fluid iron in the warm dense regime at densities from 12.5 to 25.0 g/cm(3), and temperatures from 0.

The influence of laser clipped by the laser entrance hole on hohlraum radiation measurement on Shenguang-III prototype.

Measuring the x-ray flux exiting the target's laser entrance hole (LEH) is the most common diagnostic that quantifies the x-ray intensity inside the laser-driven hohlraum. However, this signal accounts for only a small portion of the incident laser power and thus is likely to be affected by unwanted x-ray background from non-target area, leading to an overestimation of the hohlraum drive. Unwanted emission might be produced when the laser light is clipped by the LEH (LEH clipping) because of a lack of clearance for laser spot, or with a laser spot comprising of discrete structure, or even with a poor pointing accuracy.

Accurate and efficient characterization of streak camera using etalon and fitting method with constraints.

Streak camera is widely used in continuous time diagnostics in fast physical process. To produce accurate result, it requires delicate calibration and a reliable analysis method. High quality sweep-rate data with uncertainty smaller than 0.

Note: Continuing improvements on the novel flat-response x-ray detector.

This note describes multi-updates of the novel flat-response x-ray detector in fabrication technology, experimental application, and data uncertainty evaluation. Unlike the previous design, the compound filter is combined into one piece through an improved fabrication process that greatly enhanced its self-supporting capability. A method of pinhole-array imaging is introduced into the experimental application process to stop any debris from the hohlraum and to uniformly reduce the radiation flux.

Quasi-sinusoidal single-order diffraction transmission grating used in x-ray spectroscopy.

A novel design of quasi-sinusoidal single-order diffraction transmission grating (QSTG) is proposed, which can achieve a line density up to thousands line/millimeter as that of traditional transmission gratings with the current level of nanofabrication technique. We fabricate a 1000 line/mm QSTG using the new design approach, and display the calibration results of such QSTG on the soft x-ray beam of synchrotron radiation.

Quantum-dot-array diffraction grating with single order diffraction property for soft x-ray region.

A gold transmission grating is used routinely to disperse the x-ray spectrum at the Z soft x-ray facility to measure the spectrum and temporal history of the absolute soft x-ray power emitted from z-pinch and hohlraum radiation sources. A quantum-dot-array diffraction grating (QDADG) of 250 lines/mm for soft x-ray is designed and fabricated for the first time according to the principle of binary sinusoidal transmission grating. The diffraction efficiencies of the grating are measured in the 150-300 eV photon energy range on the Beamline 3W1B of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

Note: X-ray streak camera sweep speed calibration.

X-ray streak cameras are extensively used to study transient x-ray processes in experiments carried out on various laser facilities at the Research Center of Laser Fusion. Precise calibration and clear description of the sweep speed of the x-ray streak camera are vital for obtaining precise temporal information to understand the fast physics phenomena. An x-ray streak camera named wide-slit x-ray streak camera has been calibrated using a small-scale laser facility with pulse duration of 8 ps.

Phase-type quantum-dot-array diffraction grating.

A novel phase-type quantum-dot-array diffraction grating (QDADG) is reported. In contrast to an earlier amplitude-type QDADG [C. Wang et al.

Characterization of the diffraction properties of quantum-dot-array diffraction grating.

A new dispersive element named as quantum-dot-array diffraction grating [L. F. Cao, China patent No.