TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 promotes cell proliferation and drug resistance in pituitary adenomas.

Background: Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are common intracranial tumors and TRIM family plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, and therapeutic resistance of tumors. However, the role of the TRIM family in PAs is not well recognized.

Methods: CRISPR screening explored the role of TRIM family in the cell proliferation and drug resistance in PAs.

Structure and Function of Somatostatin and its Receptors in Endocrinology.

Somatostatin analogs, such as octreotide (OCT), lanreotide, and pasireotide, which function as somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs), are the main drugs used for the treatment of acromegaly. These ligands are also used as important molecules for radiation therapy and imaging of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are canonical G protein-coupled proteins (GPCRs) that play a role in metabolism, growth, and pathological conditions such as hormone disorders, neurological diseases, and cancers.

Targeting HTR2B suppresses nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma growth and sensitizes cabergoline treatment via inhibiting Gαq/PLC/PKCγ/STAT3 axis.

Background: Managing nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) is difficult due to limited drug treatments. Cabergoline's (CAB) effectiveness for NFPAs is debated. This study explores the role of HTR2B in NFPAs and its therapeutic potential.

Disulfiram mediated anti-tumour effect in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours by inducing cuproptosis.

Context: Medical treatment plays a critical role in pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (PitNET) treatment. Dopamine agonists and somatostatin receptor agonists are the only known drugs for effectively treating PitNET. Thus, the identification of potential therapeutic targets and drugs is urgently needed.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct immune-infiltrating phenotypes and macrophage-tumor interaction axes among different lineages of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.

Background: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are common gland neoplasms demonstrating distinctive transcription factors. Although the role of immune cells in PitNETs has been widely recognized, the precise immunological environment and its control over tumor cells are poorly understood.

Methods: The heterogeneity, spatial distribution, and clinical significance of macrophages in PitNETs were analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), bulk RNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry, and multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF).

Therapeutic potential of targeting Nrf2 by panobinostat in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.

We aimed to identify the druggable cell-intrinsic vulnerabilities and target-based drug therapies for PitNETs using the high-throughput drug screening (HTS) and genomic sequencing methods. We examined 9 patient-derived PitNET primary cells in HTS. Based on the screening results, the potential target genes were analyzed with genomic sequencing from a total of 180 PitNETs.

Alternations of Blood Pressure Following Surgical or Drug Therapy for Prolactinomas.

Several subtypes of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), such as acromegaly and Cushing's disease, can result in hypertension. However, whether prolactinoma is associated with this complication remains unknown. Moreover, the effect of treatment with surgery or drugs on blood pressure (BP) is unknown.

Alleviating CB2-Dependent ER Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Improves Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Cognitive Impairment.

Augmentation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may trigger excessive oxidative stress, which induces mitochondrial dysfunction. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597, shows anti-oxidation characteristics in multiple neurological disorders. The present study aimed to determine whether inhibition of ER stress was involved in the protective effects of URB597 against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-induced cognitive impairment.

Fully endoscopic far-lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach for trigeminal neuralgia: illustrative case reports.

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a common cause of craniofacial pain. The retrosigmoid approach is usually used to treat TN, but no cases of endoscopic far-lateral supracerebellar infratentorial approach (EF-SCITA) were used to undergo operation for TN.

Case Presentation: Two patients were presented with severe facial pain and preliminary diagnosis was TN.

Identification of the enhancer RNAs related to tumorgenesis of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.

Background: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), which originate from the pituitary gland, account for 10%-15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Recent studies have indicated that enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) exert regulatory effects on tumor growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the eRNA-mediated tumorigenesis of PitNETs have not been elucidated.

A systematic survey of LU domain-containing proteins reveals a novel human gene, LY6A, which encodes the candidate ortholog of mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 and is aberrantly expressed in pituitary tumors.

The Ly-6 and uPAR (LU) domain-containing proteins represent a large family of cell-surface markers. In particular, mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 is a widely used marker for various stem cells; however, its human ortholog is missing. In this study, based on a systematic survey and comparative genomic study of mouse and human LU domain-containing proteins, we identified a previously unannotated human gene encoding the candidate ortholog of mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1.

DRD2 expression based on F-fallypride PET/MR predicts the dopamine agonist resistance of prolactinomas: a pilot study.

Purpose: The dopamine agonists (DA) have been used widely to treat prolactinomas. However, it is difficult to predict whether the patient will be responsive to DA treatment.

Methods: We aimed to investigate whether the in vivo expression of DRD2 based on F-fallypride PET/MR could predict the therapeutic effect of DA on prolactinomas.

Pseudocapsule and pseudocapsule-based extracapsular resection in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.

Since Costello et al. proposed the concept of pseudocapsule of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) in 1936, many studies have been published on its occurrence, development process, histopathology, and morphology. Pseudocapsule has been proposed as the anatomical interface between PitNETs and normal pituitary gland, therefore the so-called pseudocapsule-based extracapsular resection (ER) technique was developed as an extracapsular surgery method for PitNETs,which differs from the conventional intracapsular resection (IR).

Hydroxychloroquine overcomes cabergoline resistance in a patient with Lactotroph Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: a case report.

Objective: A 22-year-old man complaining erectile dysfunction underwent transsphenoidal surgery for a 2.7 cm sellar mass with total resection and was confirmed at pathology to have a lactotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PiNET). Postoperatively, the patient's PRL remained at high level and therefore accepted high-dose dopamine receptor agonist (DA) therapy.

Sellar Glomus Tumor Misdiagnosed as Pituitary Adenoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Glomus tumor is a rare mesenchymal tumor with an organ-like structure. Sellar glomus tumors are extremely rare with only six reported cases in the literature. Because of the lack of special clinical manifestations and imaging features, the disorder may be easily misdiagnosed as other sellar tumors, especially pituitary adenomas.

TRIM65 determines the fate of a novel subtype of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors via ubiquitination and degradation of TPIT.

Background: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are common intracranial tumors that are classified into seven histological subtypes, including lactotroph, somatotroph, corticotroph, thyrotroph, gonadotroph, null cell, and plurihormonal PitNETs. However, the molecular characteristics of these types of PitNETs are not completely clear.

Methods: A total of 180 consecutive cases of PitNETs were collected to perform RNA sequencing.

ACT001 inhibits pituitary tumor growth by inducing autophagic cell death via MEK4/MAPK pathway.

ACT001, derived from traditional herbal medicine, is a novel compound with effective anticancer activity in clinical trials. However, little is known regarding its role in pituitary adenomas. Here, we demonstrated that ACT001 suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell death of pituitary tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: New Horizons for Pituitary Adenoma Researches.

Macrophages are one of the most common infiltrating immune cells and an essential component of tumor microenvironment. Macrophages and the soluble cytokines and chemokines produced play an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion and metastasis in solid tumors. Despite the multiple studies in other solid tumors, there is little known about macrophages in pituitary adenomas.

A potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pituitary glands and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.

Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on normal pituitary glands function or pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) have not yet been elucidated. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the impairment of pituitary glands and the development of PitNETs.

Case Report: Temozolomide Treatment of Refractory Prolactinoma Resistant to Dopamine Agonists.

Therapeutic agents for refractory prolactinomas that are resistant to dopamine agonists (DAs) are troublesome, and surgery often only removes a large part of the tumor without complete remission. Among the various second-line treatment regimens, the treatment effect of the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) is only effective for approximately half of patients; however, complete remission is rare. Here we report a patient with prolactinoma who was resistant to high-dose cabergoline (CAB) treatment, demonstrating a continuous increase in both the tumor volume and the prolactin (PRL) level.

Knockdown of TRIM32 inhibits tumor growth and increases the therapeutic sensitivity to temozolomide in glioma in a p53-dependent and -independent manner.

Tripartite motif protein 32 (TRIM32), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been reported to participate in many human cancers. However, the underlying role of TRIM32 in glioma remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the function of TRIM32 in glioma cells and the clinical implications and found that TRIM32 was upregulated in glioma tissues.

Lactate-induced M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages promotes the invasion of pituitary adenoma by secreting CCL17.

Lactate greatly contributes to the regulation of intracellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the role of lactate in pituitary adenoma (PA) invasion is unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of lactate on the TME and the effects of TME on PA invasion.