Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5 in Fuxin, China.

Fuxin is located in the atmospheric channel around Bohai Bay, and its geographical location is very special. Few existing studies have investigated the pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric PM during the four seasons in Fuxin, so a total of 180 PM samples were collected from four sampling sites in Fuxin from December 2021 to November 2022. The seasonal distribution characteristics of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sb, Cd and Ba were analysed via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP‒MS), and the source of the heavy metals was analysed via the enrichment factor (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA).

Income inequality, consumption, and the debt ratio of Chinese households.

The increasing family leverage and the expansion of income inequality have aroused widespread concern in society. Based on the data from the China Household Finance Survey (CFPS), this paper constructs the Gini coefficient and household credit index, and aims to research the impact of income inequality, borrowing level on consumption in different regions, urban and rural areas. The results indicate that the increasing of income inequality significantly restrained the increase of household consumption, while the moderate increase of household leverage can promote household consumption to a certain extent.