Cell-microsphere based living microhybrids for osteogenesis regulating to boosting biomineralization.

Biomineralization-based cell-material living composites showed great potential for living materials construction and cell regulation. However, cells in scaffolds with unconnected pores usually induce confined nutrient transfer and cell-cell communications, affecting the transformation of osteoblasts into osteocytes and the mineralization process. Herein, the osteoblast-materials living hybrids were constructed with porous PLLA microspheres using a rational design, in which cell-based living materials presented an improved osteoblast differentiation and mineralization model using rationally designed cell-microsphere composites.