Discovery of a major QTL for resistance to the guava root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii) in 'Tanzania', an African landrace sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas).

Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (2n = 6x = 90), is among the world's most important food crops and is North Carolina's most important vegetable crop.

Photonic convolutional neural network with robustness against wavelength deviations.

We experimentally explore the practicality of integrated multiwavelength laser arrays (MLAs) for photonic convolutional neural network (PCNN). MLAs represent excellent performance for PCNN, except for imperfect wavelength spacings due to fabrication variation. Therefore, the performance of PCNN with non-ideal wavelength spacing is investigated experimentally and numerically for the first time.

High-extinction-ratio low-voltage dual-racetrack modulator for low-power DAC-less PAM-4 modulation.

In a parallel-coupled dual-racetrack modulator, resonant light in two resonators can interfere with each other. In lieu of critical coupling, such interference is capable of producing high extinction ratios (ERs) for high-speed modulation. Experiments demonstrate ERs of over 9 dB at 50 Gb/s and 40-50% modulation depth enhancement compared with a single-resonator modulator at 50-56 Gb/s with a peak-to-peak driving voltage of 2.

Genetic Architecture Underlying Nascent Speciation-The Evolution of Eurasian Pigs under Domestication.

Speciation is a process whereby the evolution of reproductive barriers leads to isolated species. Although many studies have addressed large-effect genetic footprints in the advanced stages of speciation, the genetics of reproductive isolation in nascent stage of speciation remains unclear. Here, we show that pig domestication offers an interesting model for studying the early stages of speciation in great details.

Discovery of a major QTL for root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) resistance in cultivated sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas).

Utilizing a high-density integrated genetic linkage map of hexaploid sweetpotato, we discovered a major dominant QTL for root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance and modeled its effects. This discovery is useful for development of a modern sweetpotato breeding program that utilizes marker-assisted selection and genomic selection approaches for faster genetic gain of RKN resistance. The root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] (RKN) causes significant storage root quality reduction and yields losses in cultivated sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.

The recombination landscape and multiple QTL mapping in a Solanum tuberosum cv. 'Atlantic'-derived F population.

There are many challenges involved with the genetic analyses of autopolyploid species, such as the tetraploid potato, Solanum tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48). The development of new analytical methods has made it valuable to re-analyze an F population (n = 156) derived from a cross involving 'Atlantic', a widely grown chipping variety in the USA. A fully integrated genetic map with 4285 single nucleotide polymorphisms, spanning 1630 cM, was constructed with MAPpoly software.

Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for Common Scab Resistance in a Tetraploid Potato Full-Sib Population.

Despite the negative impact of common scab ( spp.) on the potato industry, little is known about the genetic architecture of resistance to this bacterial disease in the crop. We evaluated a mapping population (∼150 full sibs) derived from a cross between two tetraploid potatoes ('Atlantic' × B1829-5) in three environments (MN11, PA11, ME12) under natural common scab pressure.

Assembly of whole-chromosome pseudomolecules for polyploid plant genomes using outbred mapping populations.

Despite advances in sequencing technologies, assembly of complex plant genomes remains elusive due to polyploidy and high repeat content. Here we report PolyGembler for grouping and ordering contigs into pseudomolecules by genetic linkage analysis. Our approach also provides an accurate method with which to detect and fix assembly errors.

Sequencing depth and genotype quality: accuracy and breeding operation considerations for genomic selection applications in autopolyploid crops.

Polypoid crop breeders can balance resources between density and sequencing depth, dosage information and fewer highly informative SNPs recommended, non-additive models and QTL advantages on prediction dependent on trait architecture. The autopolyploid nature of potato and sweetpotato ensures a wide range of meiotic configurations and linkage phases leading to complex gene-action and pose problems in genotype data quality and genomic selection analyses. We used a 315-progeny biparental F population of hexaploid sweetpotato and a diversity panel of 380 tetraploid potato, genotyped using different platforms to answer the following questions: (i) do polyploid crop breeders need to invest more for additional sequencing depth? (ii) how many markers are required to make selection decisions? (iii) does considering non-additive genetic effects improve predictive ability (PA)? (iv) does considering dosage or quantitative trait loci (QTL) offer significant improvement to PA? Our results show that only a small number of highly informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; ≤ 1000) are adequate for prediction in the type of populations we analyzed.

Multiple QTL Mapping in Autopolyploids: A Random-Effect Model Approach with Application in a Hexaploid Sweetpotato Full-Sib Population.

In developing countries, the sweetpotato, (L.) Lam. [Formula: see text], is an important autopolyploid species, both socially and economically.

Correlation between driving signal reflection on electrodes and performance variation of silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators.

We study the correlations between the driving signal reflection on the traveling wave electrodes and the modulated signal characteristics of silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM). Correlation coefficients are introduced for systematic and quantitative analysis. The signal-to-noise ratio, extinction ratio, and bit error rate show similar correlation behaviors with the mean reflection magnitude over proper frequency ranges, whereas the correlation behaviors of the temporal parameters can be complex.

Unraveling the Hexaploid Sweetpotato Inheritance Using Ultra-Dense Multilocus Mapping.

The hexaploid sweetpotato ( (L.) Lam., 2n = 6x = 90) is an important staple food crop worldwide and plays a vital role in alleviating famine in developing countries.

Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated β-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.].

β-Carotene content in sweetpotato is associated with the Orange and phytoene synthase genes; due to physical linkage of phytoene synthase with sucrose synthase, β-carotene and starch content are negatively correlated. In populations depending on sweetpotato for food security, starch is an important source of calories, while β-carotene is an important source of provitamin A. The negative association between the two traits contributes to the low nutritional quality of sweetpotato consumed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

Genomic Selection with Allele Dosage in Jacq.

Genomic selection is an efficient approach to get shorter breeding cycles in recurrent selection programs and greater genetic gains with selection of superior individuals. Despite advances in genotyping techniques, genetic studies for polyploid species have been limited to a rough approximation of studies in diploid species. The major challenge is to distinguish the different types of heterozygotes present in polyploid populations.

Linkage map construction and QTL analysis for internal heat necrosis in autotetraploid potato.

A tetraploid potato population was mapped for internal heat necrosis (IHN) using the Infinium 8303 potato SNP array, and QTL for IHN were identified on chromosomes 1, 5, 9 and 12 that explained 28.21% of the variation for incidence and 25.3% of the variation for severity.

Genetic Architecture of Natural Variation Underlying Adult Foraging Behavior That Is Essential for Survival of Drosophila melanogaster.

Foraging behavior is critical for the fitness of individuals. However, the genetic basis of variation in foraging behavior and the evolutionary forces underlying such natural variation have rarely been investigated. We developed a systematic approach to assay the variation in survival rate in a foraging environment for adult flies derived from a wild Drosophila melanogaster population.

Quantitative trait loci influencing forking defects in an outbred pedigree of loblolly pine.

Background: The use of wood as an industrial raw material has led to development of plantation forestry, in which trees are planted, managed, and harvested as crops. The productivity of such plantations often exceeds that of less-intensively-managed forests, and land managers have the option of choosing specific planting stock to produce specific types of wood for industrial use. Stem forking, or division of the stem into two or more stems of roughly equal size, is a character trait important in determining the quality of the stem for production of solid wood products.

Mapping epistatic quantitative trait loci.

Background: How to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) with epistasis efficiently and reliably has been a persistent problem for QTL mapping analysis. There are a number of difficulties for studying epistatic QTL. Linkage can impose a significant challenge for finding epistatic QTL reliably.

Improved Sparse Multi-Class SVM and Its Application for Gene Selection in Cancer Classification.

Background: Microarray techniques provide promising tools for cancer diagnosis using gene expression profiles. However, molecular diagnosis based on high-throughput platforms presents great challenges due to the overwhelming number of variables versus the small sample size and the complex nature of multi-type tumors. Support vector machines (SVMs) have shown superior performance in cancer classification due to their ability to handle high dimensional low sample size data.

Multiple trait multiple interval mapping of quantitative trait loci from inbred line crosses.

Background: Although many experiments have measurements on multiple traits, most studies performed the analysis of mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for each trait separately using single trait analysis. Single trait analysis does not take advantage of possible genetic and environmental correlations between traits. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical method for multiple trait multiple interval mapping (MTMIM) of QTL for inbred line crosses.

Metabolomics reveals amino acids contribute to variation in response to simvastatin treatment.

Unlabelled: Statins are widely prescribed for reducing LDL-cholesterol (C) and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but there is considerable variation in therapeutic response. We used a gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics platform to evaluate global effects of simvastatin on intermediary metabolism. Analyses were conducted in 148 participants in the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics study who were profiled pre and six weeks post treatment with 40 mg/day simvastatin: 100 randomly selected from the full range of the LDL-C response distribution and 24 each from the top and bottom 10% of this distribution ("good" and "poor" responders, respectively).

Composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping: procedures and guidelines for using Windows QTL Cartographer.

Tremendous progress has been made in recent years on developing statistical methods for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) from crosses of inbred lines. In this chapter, we provide an introduction of composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping methods for mapping QTL from inbred line crosses and also detailed instructions to perform the analyses in Windows QTL Cartographer. For each method, we discuss the meaning of each option in the analysis procedures and how to understand and interpret the mapping results through a work-out example.

Merging pharmacometabolomics with pharmacogenomics using '1000 Genomes' single-nucleotide polymorphism imputation: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor response pharmacogenomics.

Objective: We set out to test the hypothesis that pharmacometabolomic data could be efficiently merged with pharmacogenomic data by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) imputation of metabolomic-derived pathway data on a 'scaffolding' of genome-wide association (GWAS) SNP data to broaden and accelerate 'pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomic' studies by eliminating the need for initial genotyping and by making broader SNP association testing possible.

Methods: We previously genotyped 131 tag SNPs for six genes encoding enzymes in the glycine synthesis and degradation pathway using DNA from 529 depressed patients treated with citalopram/escitalopram to pursue a glycine metabolomics 'signal' associated with selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor response. We identified a significant SNP in the glycine dehydrogenase gene.

Enteric microbiome metabolites correlate with response to simvastatin treatment.

Although statins are widely prescribed medications, there remains considerable variability in therapeutic response. Genetics can explain only part of this variability. Metabolomics is a global biochemical approach that provides powerful tools for mapping pathways implicated in disease and in response to treatment.